One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest: Review

a) Charismatic Leader: McMurphy shows characteristics of a charismatic leader in various ways. McMurphy is transferred to a mental institution for evaluation after he had been convicted of statutory rape. When McMurphy gets to the institution, he feels as the institution is very supressed and has a strict regimen that everyone is expected to follow. Unpleasant medical treatments are used to supress the patients. When McMurphy sees this, he realizes that the environment needs to be lightened up and the patients should be treated like real people. He becomes a leader to several patients at the institution teaching them how to have fun and enjoy themselves in an environment that doesn’t allow them to do so. McMurphy convinces his friends to enjoy themselves by playing cards, breaking out of their shell, and watch baseball games. The patients follow his footsteps and hope to be like him as he displays such charisma that people want to conform and have the confidence he has. This example is evident when the patients are sent up for shock therapy which many patients are afraid of. McMurphy goes up for the treatment and comes back down assuring the patients that the therapy has only charged him up for the next women he will be with. McMurphy also challenges Mildred to change the ward policy which furiates her as no other patient has ever had the courage to. b) Alienation/Outsiders: The patients within the mental institution are alienated from the outside world. They are considered the people who are looking from the outside in. The Institutions head Nurse Mildred treats the patients in a harsh manner, not as If they were people. These people haven’t experienced life to their fullest due to where they are but they still want to enjoy their life. When they look outside they realize the world has much to offer but they are alienated by being contained within the facility. They are also not allowed many visitors which is essentially alienating them from the outside world. c) Rebellion against social norms: When McMurphy realizes what he has gotten himself into as well as seeing his fellow patients he decides to rebel the social norms within the facility. The patients begin to drink, lay cards and bet cigarettes which Nurse Mildred gets furious, evident when she confiscates the cigarettes and rations them out. McMurphy also steals the hospital bus and gathers his friends to pick up a party girl. The group also parties one night sneaking in two female visitors with alcohol and enjoy the night away even though McMurphy has a plan of escaping which fails as he is drunk and fatigued. One of the patients even loses his virginity within the facility which is frowned upon. The rebellious attitude gets the patients into a lot of trouble especially McMurphy as the patients were â€Å"well-behaved† but now are not. ) Changing Group Dynamics: Before McMurphy arrived, the group of patients who were previously present were very â€Å"well-behaved† as Nurse Mildred would say. They followed rules and strict regimen that was provided without questioning anything. They took any punishment and also agreed to unusual medical treatments that were said to help the patients even though they were just a method to suppress them. The patients were very unhappy but just followed the orders that were given as no one had the courage to stand-up. When McMurphy came along, with his Charismatic and daring personality, the patients wanted to conform and be more like him so that they could live their life to the fullest while being contained within a facility. The patients forgot what life was like outside the facility but when McMurphy came along he proved that life could be lived the way you wanted to no matter where you are. e) Authority’s response to rebellion: Nurse Mildred tried to contain the rebellious behaviour by increasing the unusual treatment like shock and hydro therapy. She confiscates cigarettes and does not allow freedom to the patients. When patient Billy is found with a girl in a room within the facility she threatens to tell his mother, using the method of embarrassing the patient so he will regret what he has done and straighten up and refuse to rebel but unfortunately Billy takes his own life. She tightens her grip on the group and has â€Å"humiliation sessions† which furiates many patients but they don’t defend themselves. After a thorough examination of various facilities, I have come to the onclusion that many of these facilities treat their patients in a harsh manner which is completely unnecessary as it may stall the improvement of their current mental state. Mental institutions are meant to aid patients positively and help them become better physically and mentally. As an advocate to reform mental institutions, I propose changing various methods of treatments used on patients as well as the atmosphere they are treated in, to help the patient becoming better rather than worse. The first change I propose is changing the decor of the building. Patients come to the institution to get better. It is proven that visuals and colours affect moods. By changing decor and colours we can make the institution visually seem like a positive atmosphere rather than a dingy one. The second change I would propose is the change in attitude amongst the workers. In the film the staff was shown as a strict, very harsh group. The attitude greatly affects the people you work with and how they respond to you. In the movie the patients were very fearful and quiet due to the intense rules and regulations. As a staff it would be appropriate to make patients to feel at home as they might be staying at the institution for a while. Exuding positive behaviour will change the atmosphere itself. Patients with mental health issues need the positivity around them to get better as well as feel comfortable with being themselves. The third idea I would like to propose is that staff is not allowed to conduct unnecessary treatments to supress the patients just so they will behave. This stalls the improvement in health and just causes fear amongst patients. As said before mental institutions are supposed to aid patients not make them worse. And absolutely NO LOBOTOMY! This is a very serious matter and it will not be tolerated. If a patient is to show rowdy behaviour, he shall be placed in a room alone to think about his actions and if unable to do so they will be given medication so they do not pose a threat to anyone else within the facility. The fourth idea I would like to propose is that, the patients should be allowed visitations and also be allowed to go out. Staying in one place can cause a person to become depressed and feel lonely. This can also provoke thoughts of escaping as seen within the movie. Exploring the outside world and enjoying the world as a human being will allow the patient to feel that they are not contained but are very much like normal human beings. The Last idea I would like to propose is allow â€Å"free days†. Free days allow patients to enjoy themselves such as smoke, drink and party within the facility. A designated room with supervision would allow the patients to enjoy themselves with food, music, drinks. Having these ideas would help the facility work smoothly as possible, with barely any acts of rebelling and any serious issues. The movie could act as an agent of social change and reform as the movie excellently portrays what can happen when patients are in a supressed environment. Patients are people and they have all the rights that people outside the institution do. By watching this movie people can see how such repression can cause patients to act out and this can be used as a precautionary device to see what can be changed in mental health institutions to make them better. Mental institutions can make note on the staff and how facility works and instead of using it as a guide, they can make the institution better. Nurse Mildred and her staff are very strict which doesn’t help the patients if they reformed to a kinder, gentler approach to patients with a positive attitude will help their institution for the best. Personally I enjoyed watching the movie as it displayed the hard truth about some institutions and it made it evident that the institution that was portrayed is in fact a very much part of reality. Many institutions during that period of time or even today may be like that which is very sad. Personally I love Jack Nicholson and his portrayal of the character of McMurphy was very convincing. Nicholson, a charming persona on his own, made the character McMurphy very lovable and understanding even though the crime he was convicted of in the beginning may beg to differ. The charisma Nicholson displayed made it evident why he was chosen to play McMurphy. I felt as he was a very relatable character as a charismatic leader. The portrayal of Nurse Mildred Ratched was also very good. The intense, raw persona portrayed by Louise Fletcher made her seem like in reality she was indeed the same person as Mildred. The intensity between McMurphy and Ratched was totally believable. As for the story, I felt like it was very touching. An individual trying to help others realize their own potential and enjoy themselves within a contained environment with mishaps along the way just depicts the reality of life and friendship. McMurphy realized and felt the fear amongst his colleagues and decided it was time for change. With his rebellious ideas, attitudes and actions he captivates the hearts of his friends and viewers making them want to be more like him; outgoing and courageous. Although the ending is very sad resulting in the death of McMurphy after having a lobotomy, he leaves his legacy, showing the other patients that there is not point of being afraid, life is too short so you must enjoy it to the fullest not matter where you are. I felt like many characters could have been more evident in the movie such as Martini, portrayed by Danny DeVito, an amazing actor who shouldn’t have been limited to his talents. I felt as if most characters were not memorable such as Martini, which is sad as I love Danny DeVito. The Characters beside McMurphy that were evident were Billy and Chief. Chief was only evident because he was a fairly larger man then the rest of the group and also of different ethnicity. He was also the one who put McMurphy out of his misery after McMurphy had received a lobotomy. Billy only became evident to me personally, after he had sex with Candy and he killed himself. Other than that I had not paid much attention to his character. In the film’s defense I would say yes that the attention was mainly on McMurphy, but I was hoping for more from the secondary characters seeing how each one as an individual conformed rather than as a whole group.

The Orthodontic Tooth Movement Health And Social Care Essay

Orthodonticss tooth motion is achieved by presenting a changeless controlled force to the dentition. The continuance of the force applied is the cardinal factor for successful tooth motion instead than the force magnitude. The purpose of the orthodontias intervention is to accomplish good occlusion with minimum side effects. Several factors should be considered during the orthodontic intervention such as force type, force magnitude and the continuance of intervention to avoid the unwanted consequence. Proffit have defined the orthodontic tooth motion as a biological response due to the alterations in the physiological equilibrium of the dentofacial composite when an external force is applied. Theories of orthodontic tooth motion Dentitions are positioned in harmoniousness with the unwritten environment to keep their place. The applied forces will do histological alterations during teeth motion. These forces will do bone reabsorption on the force per unit area side and deposition on the tenseness side, most significantly that the capillaries remain patent on the tight side to let cell proliferation and avoid the formation of hyalinized zone On the other manus bone formation will happen at the tenseness side due to the increased periodontic ligament breadth and the proliferating fibroblast and osteoprogenitor cells. Osteoblast will be formed from the proliferated osteoprogenitor and will deposite osteoid and consequence in bone formation. ( systematic reappraisal ) Several theories have been proposed to explicate orthodontias tooth motion. The chief theories are: Biomechanical theory The biomechanical theory is chiefly based on experiments and cellular response observation explicating the biological events during orthodontic tooth motion. The earliest grounds back uping the function of Prostaglandin in orthodontic tooth motion was provided by Hang ( Hang et al 1976 ) . He noticed that mechanical deformation of the cell membrane in a civilization dish will increase the synthesis of Prostaglandin. Later Harrel supported these determination in his in vitro. Harrel showed that mechanical deformation will bring forth Prostaglandin and cyclin adenosine monophosphate ( hundred AMP ) .HARREL 1977 Other research workers ( rodan et al 1975, davidaritch and shanfield 1975 ) have found that mechanical deformation will do alterations in the intracellular bases alterations. The biomechanical theory was based on these determination and proposed that mechanical strain of the cell membrane will trip the cell signaling cascade. Initially phospholipase A2 will be activated which will originate the metamorphosis of arachidonic acid. The leukotrienes and the Prostaglandins will be synthesized in response to the metamorphosis of Arachidonic acid. The synthesis of Prostaglandin will increase three clip after five proceedingss. The Prostaglandin so activates the G proteins receptors on the cell membrane which will originate a 2nd courier signaling cascade doing a cellular response taking to cram remodeling. Yamasaki provided farther grounds to back up this theory by planing a three stage split mouth study to look into the consequence of administering Prostaglandin on orthodontic tooth motion. One side was injected with Prostaglandin and the contra sidelong served as the control. Phase one involved the motion of the upper first premolar buccaly. The rate of tooth motion was doubled on the injected side when compared to the control side. Phase two involved abjuration of the eyetooth into the upper first premolar infinite utilizing sectional contraction cringles. The findings were similar to phase one. The 3rd stage involved the abjuration of the eyetooth with the everyday mechanics. The rate of motion was 1.6 faster on the injected side than the control side. No inauspicious effects were recorded in the gum or the alveolar bone. Yamasaki et Al 1984 piezoelectric theory This theory proposes that the force per unit area applied to the tooth will be transferred to the next dental consonant bone which will react by flexing and doing little electrical current produced by negatrons being transferred from distorted crystal construction to another. The electrical current will trip the osteoclast and bone-forming cell and consequence in bone remodeling required for tooth motion ( mcdonald 1993 ) This theory was supported by Baumrind ‘s split oral cavity survey on rats. Baumrind showed that the tooth Crown will displace 10 times more than the decrease of the periodontic ligaments on the force per unit area side. The difference in the sum of supplanting between the Crown and periodontic ligament has lead to the premise that the alveolar bone deflects more readily than the periodontic ligament. Sing the sum of crown warp and the periodontic ligament alterations, it can be concluded that lower forces can be used to bring forth bone warp which will make alterations in the periodontic ligaments. ( baumrind 1969 ) Several surveies on animate beings and human look intoing an endogenous electric signals, bioelectric potency, showed that the application of low electromotive force direct current will modify the bioelectric potency and cellular activity doing faster tooth motion when compared to a control group. ( giovanelli s & A ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦.ref 9 p324 ) Davidovich showed that by using electrical current ( 15 & A ; Acirc ;  µ As ) combined with force of 80 g will heighten bone resoprtion near the anode and bone deposition near the cathode when compared to the control. ( Davidovich et al 1980 ) Heller and Nanda demonstrated that periodontic ligaments are less likely to undergo tensile strain or reassign the force straight to the alveolar bone. ( Heller and Nanda 1979 ) Piezoelectric signals characterize by a fast decay rate even if the force is maintained as the crystals will stay stable. If the force was removed the crystal will return to the original form and an tantamount signal and antonym in way will be created. The function of emphasis generated signals during normal chew is good documented in the literature in keeping the alveolar bone. On the other manus, the changeless orthodontic forces will make a brief signal which will non make a outstanding emphasis generated signals. These signals have small if anything to make with tooth movment.Profit text book Pressure tenseness hypothesis Authoritative hypothesis proposed by Oppenheim, Sandstedt and Schwarz based on histological research. This theory proposes that tooth motion will happen in the periodontic ligaments and the collagen fibres will make a force per unit area and tenseness sides reassigning the applied forces to the next alveolar bone. The forces should be less than the capillary blood force per unit area to keep the blood flow and avoid bone mortification. On the force per unit area side, the periodontic ligament will expose disorganisation and the cell reproduction will diminish in response to the vascular bottleneck. On the tenseness side the periodontic ligament will be stretched and increase the cell reproduction. Baurmrind 1969 study showed statistically important addition in cell reproduction during tooth motion and there was a decrease in collagen formation rate on the tenseness and force per unit area side. Heller and Nanda ( 1979 ) interfered with the collagen map and metamorphosis by administering lathyritic agent beta aminoproprionitrile and showed that normal tooth motion will happen in periodontic ligaments with disrupted collagen fibres. Their findings demonstrated that periodontic ligaments are less likely to undergo tensile strain or reassign the force straight to the alveolar bone. Bone bending Orthodontic tooth motion stages Once the orthodontic force is applies to the tooth the bone reconstructing procedure will get down. During the first six to eight yearss at that place will be an initial period of rapid motion due to the periodontic ligaments compaction and tooth supplanting within the periodontic ligament. The blood supply will be reduced or cut off bring forthing hyalinized zone ; a vascular cell free zone. In the 2nd stage ; the slowdown stage ; tooth motion will be minimum or will halt wholly due to the hyalinized zone. On the histological degree Retain ( 1957, 1960 ) have reported that the a vascular cell free zone will be formed even with minimum force and the a vascular cell free zone will happen more with short roots. The slowdown in tooth motion varies between four to twenty yearss harmonizing to the applied force ; with light forces the slowdown stage will be comparatively short and it will increase with heavier forces. The periodontic ligaments will reorganise to take the hyalinized zone by phagocytosis ; foreign organic structure gaint cells, macrophages, fibroblast and pre-osteoclasts will be recruited from the neighbouring undamaged alveolar bone marrow pits and the periodontic ligaments. Once the avascular cell free zone is removed tooth motion will get down once more ; the last stage. Tooth motion normally begins 40 yearss after the initial force application. Recent survey by Von Bohl demonstrated that the hyalinized zone will be formed during the last stage and it is more frequent with high forces and have no consequence on orthodontic tooth motion at this phase as the bone reconstructing procedure will go on at a certain rate independently from the force magnitude. Von Bohl concluded that the formation of a vascular cell free zone is apart of the orthodontic tooth motion procedure. His study supported the pervious determination of Owman moll et Al 1996 and Vas leeuwen 1999 Orthodontic force magnitude Orthodontic forces can delivered through the usage of fixed contraptions, removable contraptions, TAD, excess orally such as caput gear & amp ; acirc ; ˆÂ ¦etc.to achieve the coveted tooth motion different force magnitude will be required. The recommended forces are: bodily motion tipping invasion bulge

Organizational behavior in International Business Machine (IBM) Case Study

Organizational behavior in International Business Machine (IBM) - Case Study Example The organizational behavior provides a guideline or the mainframe through which organizations achieve their goals by the implementation of the policies. The absence of proper organizational behavior policies in an organization does no good to the overall success of it in the market. The overall process of organization behavior deals with the thoughts, feelings and emotions which arise among the employees in the workplace. ... In matters of organizational behavior, motivation is a key factor for directing the employees to attain the goals of the organization. With the help of motivation, an employee raises their level of efficiency and performs better. The increased level of motivation provided by the employers also helps in the development of loyalty among the employees. The overall image of the organization also improves if the employees are motivated in a proper fashion. The range of factors which motivates the employees all depends upon the need of the individuals and without the needs the employees or the individuals will not be motivated considerably (Dewhurst, et al, 2009). According to Maslow, the needs of the individuals follow a hierarchy and he segregated the five levels of needs based on their importance. The five levels of needs addressed by him are based on physiological context, the security of an individual, needs based on esteem and self actualizations. The physiological needs of the indiv idual constitute the basic elements which are required by the individual for survival like food, water. From the view point of the organization, physiological needs constitute the adequate salary and working environment, so that the employees can sustain in the organization for a long period of time. The security and the safety needs of the individual involves requirement of a place for living where they can be protected from various environmental hazards and human threats. Security needs in an organization deals with providing the employees a secured career where they can meet their professional goals. The social needs of an individual according to Maslow, relates to the social aspects of human life. It includes needs for the individual to be recognized in the

The organizational culture for results Research Paper

The organizational culture for results - Research Paper Example The research revealed the existence of several cultures and subcultures in Widney Cabs Ltd that matched the theoretical models developed by both Schein in the three level of classification i.e. Assumptions, Values and Artefacts and Denison's classification that outlines four attributes namely: Involvement, Consistency, Adaptability and Mission. This study will evaluate and assess the different aspects of organizational culture that exist in Widney Cabs Ltd. The study examines these culture(s) and sub cultures in light of the relationship with models or classification from academic literature, existing knowledge and theories on organizational culture. Jacques (1951) defines organizational culture as the customary or traditional ways of thinking and doing things common to most members of an organization. There exists a significant level of formal knowledge on the subject of culture(s) and sub-cultures that exist in organizations and their effects on the organizational behaviour. Founders and leaders of organizations create these cultures, which are then developed and sustained by people. Organization's executives generate and impart the organization's ideals. They also promote the core values that convey inclination to certain behaviors or effects. Norms on the other hand express acceptable ways of achieving set goals. Studies have shown that the development of organizational culture requires interaction within the membership. (Louis, Posner, and Powell 1983). According to Schein (1985), there are three levels of culture,the basic being Assumptions that form the foundation of culture. Assumptions Espoused values Artefacts (Beliefs, thoughts) (Goals, strategies e.t.c) (Visible manifestations) Fig 1. These assumptions are unconscious beliefs, thoughts, perceptions, and feelings. Next to these are the espoused values that consist of goals, philosophies. Lastly are the artefacts, which are physical manifestations, which may not be obvious to a lay observer of organizational behaviour and process. Schein's model has had a wide acceptance and has in many ways allowed insight on culture. However the model raises some questions: Who is unconscious about these assumptions It is presumed that the researcher will be aware but not the organizational members. What happen to the presumption when the organizational members learn about the Assumptions It is important that leaders learn about the underlying links that hold artefacts; values and assumptions together so that they can better understand the usefulness of this model in creating positive organizational change. Research by John VanMaanan and Steven Barley (1984) shed some light on the nature of interactions. They found out that intera ction was "cognitive and behavioural". New personnel learn from the established workplace community the conventional occupational behaviours and practices that are acceptable across the board. In organizations

Intellectual property and violations Research Paper

Intellectual property and violations - Research Paper Example The European Union is dealing with the increasing infringement cases in other countries. China has made steps in ensuring the protection of intellectual property. The formation of trade organizations and signing of agreements has improved the intellectual property protection in local and world markets. The law defines intellectual property as anything intangible product produced by a creative mind (Alin, 2014) (Vidrascu, Cristea, Iacob, & Volintiru, 2014). The law is founded on the fact that a creative mind should have some exclusive rights attached to his or her idea. Some of the examples of intellectual property are literature, music, inventions, paint, words, phrases and anything else that is borne by unique creativity of the human mind (Anderson, 2013). The term intellectual property goes back many years. The laws surrounding intellectual property and rights have undergone many changes (Bird & Jain, 2008). The paper examines advantages, violations, rights and laws on intellectual properties in different countries. The current meaning of the term intellectual property traces its roots back to 1867 in pre-modern Germany (Alin, 2014). The North German Confederation had given power for individuals to protect their intellectual property. The term has been used in Europe and America. It is paramount to understand that patents did not start with real inventions. It began with Queen Elizabeth awarding royal grants that had immense monopoly privileges. However, the meaning has evolved to the giving an inventor exclusive rights to sell and control his or her invention. The purpose and scope of intellectual property rights have been changing ever since (Moreno, 2013). For example, in the past the rights were given to encourage invention. They were given only in situations it was necessary. This paper reviews the application of intellectual property and intellectual property rights. It analyzes the advantages and limitations of intellectual property rights.

International banking and finance law Assignment - 1

International banking and finance law - Assignment Example The banks come to form under the aegis of one lead bank to make up the necessary availability of funds with the help of each bank in the group. The lead bank is the agency that has direct relationship with the borrower whereas other banks are called upon by the lead bank to fund the project (Gatti, 2008:157). The legal structure of the banks for proper financing the project may include lead bank, which has direct relationship with the borrower; participant; which is a financial intermediary lending an amount below the threshold; documentation bank responsible for correct drafting of the documents concerning the loan and agent bank responsible for managing the cash flows and payments during the project lifecycle (Gatti, 2008:157). It is however important to mention that lead bank could be liable to other members for negligent preparation of the information memorandum (Roberts, 1998:79). b) The legal issues arising from the loans given by the group of banks for a particular project include pre-contract relationships involving lead bank, lenders and borrowers; the legal position of the agent banks, information of the borrower, project details like requirement of finance during its lifecycle. The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 declares the exclusions of liability for negligence by notice will only be effective in as much as they are reasonable. A non contractual remedy is also available to the member in the form of an action for fraudulent misrepresentation (Roberts, 1998:83).. The rights and obligations of the banks are independent of each other and that the financial assistance provided by the banks in the group is usually separate loans made to the borrower which also gives the right to the bank to make its own decisions on matters pertaining to default by the borrower. The group of banks act like a syndicate, whereby, a clause is included declaring that when an

Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Company - Assignment Example The group sales of the company were $70.9 billion in 2014 (Tesco PLC, 2014). However, the overall growth of sales was only 0.3%. The global financial crisis of 2008 has done considerable damages to the grocery and retail industry of the U.K. Tesco had the highest market share of 31.7% in 2007 which had significantly shrunk to 28.7% in 2014 (Wood, 2014). The emergence of competitors like Waitrose, Aldi and Lidl has adversely affected the market share of Tesco as they began to provide heavy discounts to consumers. A slow growth of economy combined with declining disposable income had been driving customers away from Tesco. Originally developed by Kaplan and Norton (1992 cited in Kaplan and Norton, 2001), this approach has soon become an important tool to measure organizational performance. This approach goes beyond the traditional measures of financial performance and includes three other critical performance indicators which can measure the effectiveness of an organizational performance namely customer perspective, internal organizational perspective and innovation and learning perspective (Kaplan and Norton, 2001). Empirical evidence shows that a number of successful transnational companies in diverse industries are using the balanced scorecard approach in order to improve their performance. For instance, Hilton Group in the hospitality industry, Wal-Mart in the retail industry and Toyota in the automobile industry are already using this approach for gaining competitive edge over their rivals (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, 2009). Overall 57% of global companies have adopted this approach based on the value that they add to the business (Balanced Scorecard Institute, 2014). Tesco has been struggling with dwindling sales recently. In the third quarter of 2014, the sales of the company had fallen by 3.7% while the annual profit of the company had fallen by 6% (Wood, 2014). In this scenario there are two options

Service Marketing of UAE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Service Marketing of UAE - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that UAE is one of the developed countries of the world. It has a high-income level which contributes a lot to the development of this country. Different industries have established in this country which enhances its economic development. UAE has diversified economic condition. Its large population supports the growth of a different industry. Political and social stability of this country has a strong impact on its industrial development. The country has experienced a high growth in its services industry segment. Different types of service industry are present in this country. UAE has a large number of labor forces who perform different activities of service industry for enhancing its growth. Major Service industries of this country are the airline, hospitality, telecommunication, banking and financial services. Many companies have established their business in service industry segment. UAE has different types of telecommunication service. The country has various types of rules and regulations which controls this service industry. Internet and telephone play a major role in this industry segment. In banking and financial industry, the country provides corporate and retail financial service to its customers. This industrial sector of the country is highly developed. Many famous airline companies are present in UAE. It is one of the important service industries of this country. Excellent quality of service is provided by companies in the airline's industry. UAE has many big hotels and hospitals are present in UAE which contributes a lot to the industrial development of this country. Emirates airline is based in Dubai. It is the largest airline company in the Middle East. This airline is a subsidiary company of The Emirates Group. The company is owned by Dubai’s government. The Emirates was founded in 1985. Its main hub is Dubai International Airport. The company operates around 3500 flights in a week in approxima tely 78 countries of the world. This airline company is among top ten flight companies in the world in terms of kilometers and passengers. The company earns a huge amount of revenue for providing excellent quality of services to customers. Emirates also operates its flight service in four longest routes of the world. It provides nonstop commercial flight services to those destinations. The company provides world-class flight service to its customers with many modern facilities and benefits. The tangible element of this company is its flights. The flights of Emirates are divided into many classes which give different types of services to its customers. The company has received many rewards for provides excellent quality of airlines service.

How does the mobile phone affects the relationship between parents and Essay

How does the mobile phone affects the relationship between parents and children - Essay Example This study examined the relationship between duration of adolescents’ technology use and the relationship with their parents and in this regard three types of technology were considered namely, computers, cell phones and video games. These findings were attributed to the fact that adolescents more commonly use cell phones than the internet to maintain a good relationship with their parents. Therefore, it is possible that cell phones aid parent-teen closeness as it allows them to stay in touch when they are not together. Also, most adolescents reported spending relatively little time playing video games. That may be why video games did not impact their relationship with parents. As technology evolves, its everyday purpose is becoming increasingly common, especially among successive generations due to its indisputable benefits, especially of better communication. With upcoming methods of communication and sharing information emanating every day, come the shortcomings of a world hectic with technology. A recent article in the New York Times suggests that the infatuation with technology and cell phones in particular is taking away from face-to-face social interactions (Blackman, 2010). In -person communication seems to be deteriorating as people are increasingly connected wherever they are through their computers and cell phones or enthusiastic on video games instead of engaging in conversation with the people around them. For the purposes of this study technology was categorized into three namely, cell phones, computers and video games. Computer use includes the use of the internet, both online and offline activities including social networking, doing homework and playing games. Cell phone use in addition to talking and texting includes new capabilities of cell phones such as internet related activities and also playing games. Video games refer to all kinds of gaming platforms outside of computers and cell phones,

Kellogg Company Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kellogg Company - Coursework Example This paper examines business strategy of Kellogg’s Company by taking into account its strategic plan, an evaluation of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and the comparison of the company with other companies in terms of strategic planning. Overview of Kellogg Company Kellogg Company is currently the leading producer of cereal and convenience foods such as cookies, cereal bars, frozen waffles, meat alternatives, pastries, piecrusts, and ice cream cones. The products of Kellogg are manufactured in more than seventeen (70) countries and marketed in more than one hundred and eighty countries (180) around the world (Kellogg Company, 2010). Strategic Planning Strategic planning refers to the process of developing a mission and long-range objectives and how such objectives will be accomplished. Strategic plans are often developed for five years but they are regularly reviewed and revised annually to achieve the laid down objectives for five years (Simerson, 2011:1 35). Strategic planning process entails the developing of mission, analyzing the environment, setting objectives, developing strategies, implementing, and controlling the strategies (Lussier, 2011:128). Strategic planning can help companies to identify products that are suited to the needs, objectives, and resources of the firm and in the development of plans for introduction of new products in the market. Despite the positive contribution of strategic planning in organizational planning, it has some problems. One of the problems associated with strategic planning is the emphasis of quantity instead of quality. Most strategic plans stress on the achievement of quantitative results while ignoring or paying less attention to quality (Botten, 2009). The second problem of strategic planning is the failure or neglect in the analysis of internal and external environment. Another problem that is associated with strategic planning is the implementation of the goals and strategies as outline d in the vision, mission, and goals of organization (2008). Although companies often do strategic planning, its successful implementation is an arduous task. Financial implications are another problem associated with strategic planning. The cost needed to implement strategic plans adds more burden to organizations. Failure by companies to allocate sufficient resources towards the implementation of strategic plans can jeopardize the whole process (Simerson, 2011). Tesco Company was also faced with strategic planning problems. Tesco is one of the largest food retailers in the world with United Kingdom as its dominant market. The company developed a strategic plan and it has yielded results for the firm. Strategic planning has brought fortunes to the company by successfully engaging in branding and effective service delivery to customers (Cavusgil, Knight & Riesenberger, 2008). Through effective strategic planning, Tesco has fostered and established brand identity and awareness through consumer experience and brand extension approaches. Strategic planning has enabled Tesco to compete with other companies in food retail sectors and to adapt to various business environments (Needham, 2009). Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Growth –Share Matrix Due to increase in competition and need for market share expansion, companies

The Fall of the Abbasid Empire Essay Example for Free

The Fall of the Abbasid Empire Essay While the start of the Abbasid Empire, around 750 CE was explosive and revitalizing in nature, it couldn’t mask the unfortunate truth that a series of wealth-bloated and soft-handed caliphs were to rule the new empire. By the third caliph, al-Mahdi, the empire was already in decline; the royal harem was outrageously large, mosques were built bigger and bigger, crushing the peasant class under the weight of extreme taxation. All the while, the caliphs in their garnished palaces partied and lived in extravagant fashion with little care for their countries impending demise. As the Empire spiraled further downward, the cause became more and more evident; weak rule; the empire was crippled by this and couldn’t react to outside invasions due to the power struggle in the courts between conflicting factions, thus the Buyids of Persia invaded the capital and brought down the Empire. During the very early years of the Abbasid Empire, the country was revitalized by the feat it had just accomplished in bringing down the previously formidable Umayyad Empire. It was united and strong; as a victorious young country should be. But by the reign of the third caliph, it was becoming apparent that the ruling class was spiraling downward morally, just as had happened in Ancient Rome. The royal harems were growing incredulously large, and the royalty who visited them often valued their female slaves over their own wives. Towards the end of the Abbasid era, there began an artistic revolution however, this was interesting because it was at this time that the political state was weakest. Many works of construction were underway to put peasants to work, however the cost of these works were being paid for by the peasants themselves in the form of crushing taxation from the government. The heavy taxes often could not be paid by the poor peasants, and this resulted in pillaging of peasant villages by members of the upper classes, which in return resulted in the abandonment of some peasant villages. All the while, the caliphs were played as pawns in a power struggle between opposing factions of advisors in the royal court. These factions often held the true power of the Empire while the soft and drunken caliphs partied about. This weak form of rule became extremely evident when the Buyids splintered from the Abbasid Empire and invaded Baghdad, the capital, quickly establishing their own advisors;  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sultans† which meant â€Å"victorious† in Arabic. The caliphs were truly puppet rulers now, under the control of the Buyid’s Sultans; a direct cause of weak rule. The Empire fell due to lack of strong rule. Caliphs became puppets to their courts and so their Empire became a puppet to the Buyids. Thus quickly fell the Abbasid Empire.

The History Of Special Education Education Essay

The History Of Special Education Education Essay This essay will explain how Special education has changed in many different ways throughout the last century. How it views of the way students with differences should be taught and treated have changed due to different laws that have been passed over the past years. I will explain the different phases of special education in its largest span of time. It will discuss how the term learned disabled was derived after it took the place of phrase brain injured. And it will explain the stages in which the IEPs are developed and how a child with special needs should be taught to produce success. Additionally, this essay will discuss the court case of Brown v. Board of Educations decision to demand that all special needs children be granted an opportunity to receive a free and appropriate education. In past years people would lock their disabled children up in rooms and isolate them from others because they were ashamed of them or because they were different and they didnt know how or what to do with them. This made matter worse, disabled children were left isolate and alone, sometimes being abused physically and sexually, they were not considered human. This continued to happen until a few pioneer, people who were advocates for children with special stood up for them and brought their cases to court, but thats something of the past now. The education laws have also seen a turn -about. One major area of education was in a desperate need of changed was opinions and beliefs. Education for children with learning problems had emerged from no education for children with special needs to special funding for programs especially for those individuals with learning problems. Mostert, M., Crokett, J. (2000, June) The special education for special needs children went through man y phases before they were recognized by the court systems. The first phase of special education is the largest span of time. The foundation Phase was from 1800 to 1930, children who had any sign of learning problems were labeled as being dumb, retarded, and even brain injured. The reason students would have been labeled as brain injured is because of studies done on war victims and soldiers of war. Many soldiers had head injuries and the way they acted related vary similarly to the way brain injured students acted. At this time period researchers and doctors located the area of the brain related to language, or the language function of the brain. Then there was the transition Phase began in 1930 and lasted until 1960. This phase had some turning points in the way brain injured children were taught. Researchers developed instruments for assessments, analyzed specific types of learning problems and also presented a plan for teaching brain injured children. At this stage the labeling of the children with learning problems was not as harsh as brain injured. The students were called children with minimal brain dysfunction Then the turning phase for the education of students with learning problems was later called the Integration Phase which lasted from, 1960s to 1980s. There was a man by the name of Samuel Kirk, who came up with the name learning disabled. After this term took the place of brain injured and minimal brain dysfunction, it seemed like there was hope for children with learning problems. The U.S. legislature began to recognize the rights of individuals with disabilities, which prevents schools from discriminating against special needs students. The US legislature laws demand that all of the rights be reserved for the rights of anindividual with special needs to have an appropriate education, even if the disabilities are not covered under the special needs law. The teachers and educators of special needs students remain accountable for the appropriate education of these students, and they will be held accountable in the court of law even if it means losing their job or locked up in jail. Schools started establishing programs for the learning disabled. Funding was provided for teachers to be trained in learning disabilities. The most impo rtant part of the Integration Phase is the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) in 1975. This act was to ensure that all students no matter what type of problem they had would receive a free and appropriate public education.( IDEA, Individuals with Disabilities and Special Needs Act). The last phase is the Current Phase, from the 1980s to the present. One of the major aspects of this phase is inclusion. Inclusion is educating students with disabilities in regular classrooms in their neighborhood schools, with collaborative efforts and support services as needed for each individual student. Another aspect of the Current Phase is when the EMA of 1975 was written as IDEA in 1990. IDEA, individuals with Disabilities Education Act, made it hard to suspend or expel student s with learning disabilities because of their behavior. IDEA also required that each learning disabled child have an IEP, Individual Education Plan. An IEP is a document that must include current performance of the student, the annual goals the students need to achieve, special education and related services. This Plan also included the child needs, participation, if any, with nondisabled children, modifications needed to take state test, dates and places of when and where special services will be pro vided and the measuring progress of the child, and any special accommodations that the child may need. Before a student can have an IEP, they first must be labeled as a student with a learning disability. The parents, special education teachers, the school guidance counselor, regular teacher, the schools psychologist, and the principle are always notified and included in the plans for this meeting. There are stages to figure out whether or not a child has a learning disability and need special services. The first stage is noticing if a student is having difficulty in one or more subject areas. The next step is to evaluate the childs suspected disability area, but before this can take place the school must receive permission from the parents to evaluate the child. The eligibility is decided by a group of qualified professionals along with the parent to determine if the child has a disability defined in IDEA. If the child is found eligible, the IEP team will meet to discuss and write and IEP for the disabled child within 30 days of the student being identified as disabled. The IEP team meeting is held and the IEP is written in collaborative efforts from all members of the IEP team. (U.S. Department of Education, 20, Feb, 2001) Services are then provided for the student. At the end of the year, progress is measured and the IEP is reviewed. After this process takes place, every thr ee years the student is reevaluated. By law certain individuals must be involved in the writing of a childs Individual Education Program. Parents must be involved because they know their child and what their child may need. Regular education teachers, if the student will be mainstreamed into regular classrooms some time during the day, are a need on the team, because they know the general curriculum of the student. They also have knowledge of how to handle students with behavior problems. The next member of the IEP team should be a special education teacher. This person will be able to contribute their knowledge in how to modify general curriculum and testing to help the special needs child learn and show what they have learned. The special education teacher also has the responsibility to teach the student and carry out the IEP process. The individuals involved in the IEP team are individual who can interpret evaluations results, represent the school system, individuals with knowled ge of special expertise about the childs, representatives from transitional service agencies and the student who the IEP is being written for. In conclusion, special education has gone through many phases and stages of the way a child should be taught in the past decade. The law has made a path for those with learning problems and now there is not stopping them. Children with learning disabilities finally have a chance to excel in school and the laws have made it possible for them to take advantage of the opportunities for them to have normal life.

Managing Time And People Commerce Essay

Managing Time And People Commerce Essay Planning is essential in creating a new venture. This task remains principally on the entrepreneur starting the business. A good entrepreneur needs to have a variety of skills in order to be successful. SimVenture which is a business simulation game, is a good way of practising these skills. Indeed, teaching entrepreneurial and business skills is one of the main purposes of SimVenture, by allowing the users to create and run their own virtual company. SimVenture also gives the opportunity to learn how to make efficient decisions in all the different sectors of a business including marketing, human resources, operations, finance, and more. As a business administration student and perhaps future entrepreneur, it is fundamental to understand how to successfully operate a company and to practice and deal with diverse skills. I have learned many lessons by using that simulation and many of these will definitely be useful in my future life and enhance my knowledge and personal development. Three of the main that I have learned are how to manage time and people, how to develop a business model, and how to research and analyse the market. Managing time and people Firstly, managing time and people has been a crucial lesson that I have learned using SimVenture. An entrepreneurs most important and most difficult job is to manage these two components. The first component of the business that has to be well managed is people. Starting a business is not only a one person deal, in the contrary, well developed and directed teams are behind most of the most successful business start-up. Indeed, developing strong entrepreneurial teams are key to a well functioning venture. It is the entrepreneurs task to find individuals that can offer knowledge, experience, skills, and, thus, add up a to the social capital of their company. Furthermore, once the good ones are chosen, employees have to be motivated, leaded, inspired, and encouraged in order to be efficient and to increase their commitment to the company. With SimVenture, I have learned that this process is crucial for a business, because choosing inefficient or unsuitable employees can increase remarkably its costs. Also, the simulation taught me that not only choosing the best candidate is important, but especially giving them the job position in concordance with what they are the best in. The second component of the venture that has to be greatly managed is time. Effectiveness, productivity, and efficiency, are aspects that can be excessively increased if time is managed correctly. Especially during the business start-up process, at every step of it, time should be spent on elements that are really relevant for the creation of the company. SimVenture clearly showed that time can really be an issue in a company as time management was one on the main problems that my team and I had while using the simulation. Sometimes employees were spending time idle, and some other times, they were not able to finish their task due to lack of time. In the future, I will know that time is the component of a business that is probably the most essential to be well managed in order to be successful. Developing a business model Secondly, creating a business model has been an essential lesson that I have learned with SimVenture. Building a business model can be a very long and difficult process, because it is a complex, precise, and specific task. However, it is indispensable for a new venture to develop an effective one because it is the heart of a company. Management writer Joan Magretta defined a business model as the story that explains how an enterprise works (Casadesus-Masanell and RicartÂÂ  , 2011). Being part of a business strategy, a business model is used to represent core aspects of a venture. A business model can be separated in five main features. The first section is understanding the customers and their purchase decision. A customer in a purchase decision process will pass through some stages before buying a product or service. He will research information, seek value, evaluate alternative, and assess value before making any decision. Using the simulation, I learned that understanding the customers that are in the target market can greatly benefit the company in making products in concordance with their needs. Also, through SimVenture, I realized that customers are the wheels of the business and that it is primordial to make decisions in relation to them. The second feature of a business model is the value proposition, or the benefits that customers gain. It is very important for a company to understand and be aware of what their customers gain and benefit from their products or services. Developing a value proposition relies on analysing qualitative and quantitative aspects and finding a way to be different from competitors by knowing who they are and what they do. The value proposition is used to attract customers and ensure the companys financial healthiness. The third part of a business model is the architecture of the business. That feature describes the structure and the organisation of the company. It also defines how the venture creates and distributes its products and services. The business architecture discusses whether there is a market or not for what the company is selling, by analysing the external environment such as geography. All these different components are put together to create value for the customers. Using SimVenture, it was a challenge to make efficient decisions because all the features of the business and the target market were to be taken in account. The fourth section is the revenue model of the business. Its goal is for the company to find a profitable way to deliver great value to their customers and satisfying their needs. In other words, by doing better than its competitors, the venture has to manage its costs and expenses in order to increase its return on investments. Pricing is also an important aspect of that stage, indeed the price should be fixed so that it is high enough to make profit but not too high for the sales to decrease. Furthermore, the company has to decide which revenue mechanism will be adopted and how the benefits will be delivered to their customers. SimVenture taught me that it is essential to have a great knowledge of our costs and expenses in order to fix the price of the product at a profitable level. The fifth feature of the business model is the strategic direction. The strategic direction is how the organization strategy will be achieve and which actions will be in place to do so. It demonstrate the position that the venture is planning to take over its competitors in a long term view. It is also a projection of where the business wants to be in a certain amount of years. Using SimVenture, I have learned that the strategic plan of the business is always to be kept in mind if you want the long term objectives to be achieved. In the simulation, I would have made different decisions than my team. In my opinion, we were thinking too much about the present month and not enough of the future of the venture. Researching and analysing the market Thirdly, researching and analysing the market has been a crucial lesson that I have learned with SimVenture. The market analysis is essential to be done at the starting point of every new venture. It allows the entrepreneur to know more about the global environment of its business. The market analysis is extremely important because it helps define the nature of the business and the remainder of the plan. [] Similarly, the more a start-up understands the needs of its target market, the more it can match its product attributes to those needs (Barringer, 2009). Indeed, the venture will have to segment the market and select a target market. The market segmentation is the process of dividing a market into distinct subsets (or segments) that behave in the same way or have similar needs (Barringer, 2009). As the market segmentation was already done in SimVenture, nothing was learned from that section. Before selecting a target market, the company should research and study the size and the trends of the different market segments. This is critical because a good selection will allow the business to be successful in terms of profit and sales growth. With SimVenture, I have learned that selecting the best market segment is one of the most important things, because if you dont make a good selection, keeping a financially healthy company can be problematic in the future. I had difficulty selecting the appropriate target market for the business. Therefore, what I have learned from that for the future is that a deeper research and analysis of the market and of the segments should be done in order to make the best decision possible. Conclusion To conclude, through SimVenture, I have learned many important lessons including managing time and people, creating a business model, and researching and analysing the market. The simulation made me aware that a business can face many difficulties and that the entrepreneur needs the knowledge and the ability to make the best decision according to any situations that can occur. Running my own business for a few weeks has definitely helped me in my personal development, because I would now feel more confident and experienced if, in the future, I would decide to start my own company.

Thomas Paine :: essays research papers

Thomas Paine In September of 1776, on the outskirts of Newark, among the tired, discouraged, soldiers, as they paused from their daily retreat, sat Thomas Paine. He wrote many papers that would have a major effect on the outcome of the quest for independence. Born the son of a Quaker Laymaker on January 29th, 1737 at Thetford, Norfolk England. He received a basic elementary education, and started to work for his father as an apprentice, and later as an excise officer. He was not a huge success at either, and was in fact fired twice from the job as an excise officer. When he arrived in Philadelphia on November 30th 1774, he was sick and feverish, and had to be carried on a stretcher. With a letter of recommendation from Ben Franklin, he was accepted into a hospital and given special care, until he recovered. With that same letter from Ben Franklin, he found many doors opened for him, including jobs tutoring many of the sons of the wealthiest men in Philadelphia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Paine started over again, by publishing African Slavery In America, in the spring of 1775, in which he criticized slavery in America as being unjust and inhumane. At about this same time, he became the co-editor for the Pennsylvania Magazine. When he arrived in Philadelphia, Paine noticed the tension, and the rebellious attitude, that was continually getting larger, after the Boston Tea Party. In Paine's opinion, the Colonies had all the right to revolt against a government that imposed taxes on them, and which did not give them the right of representation in the Parliament at Westminster. Then he went one massive step further, he decided there was no reason for the Colonies to stay dependent on England. He published his opinions in the American independence pamphlet Common Sense.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Common Sense Paine states that sooner or later Independence from England must come, because America had lost touch with the mother country. He felt that the function of government in society was to only be a regulator, and thus pretty simple. His strong beliefs made him a major influence on the Declaration Of Independence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He joined General Washington in his battle against General Howe in the War of Independence. Where he motivated many downhearted soldiers who needed reassurance. The retreating of General Washington's army was a slow, daily affair. Being an Englishman himself, Paine knew that the British enemy, would not take the Revolutionary Army seriously and was familiar with tactics of the English Army, and could advise the Revolutionary Army of what was to be expected. The English were polite in the way that they did not attack at night.

Personal Narrative- Daydreaming in Class Essay -- Personal Narrative W

Personal Narrative- Daydreaming There I sat, trying desperately not to drool in the middle of my daydream. Dare I say class was less than interesting and all I could think of was my bed? Instead of daydreaming of a hunky man, or even a bright future paved with a golden road of success, I was dreaming of my bed. It was an ordinary college dorm room bed: you never know how many people actually slept in it, or did something else in it, yet I still find comfort in its lumps and bumps. In the brilliance of my afternoon laziness I decided that daydreaming about my bed wasn’t silly at all. In fact I should commemorate my bed with a poem and a little cartoon drawing of it. Unfortunately I had forgotten my notebook so I began to doodle on the prehistoric thing called a desk. Knowing that writing an ode to my wonderful bed on another piece of furniture was loaded with irony, I hesitated commemorating my bed on this horrible, and unworthy desk. Since I was out of paper and out of options I shrugged my shoulders at my h esitations and began my ode to my bed. Oh endearing friend of mine Soft, sweet and truly divine. Only I understand your charm Stay with me always and I’ll keep you from harm. Okay, so this wasn’t a Shakespearian sonnet, but I found it worthy at the time of this creaky and uncommonly hard, desk. This poem was followed by several crude drawings of my bed. Then I found myself enthralled with the words etched into the wooden canvas before me. Being a college desk, there were the token swear words and brilliantly crafted phrases such as â€Å"Bobby Joe was here.† The etchings I found of interest weren’t even etched in; they were merely drawn with pencil. What a daring move for the author to make. Someone could easily ... ... forget to divert your eyes from the professor. Once you make eye contact the spell is broken and he will call on you... What on earth could that mean? I glanced quickly up at my professor only to catch his eye. â€Å"Ah, I see one of you is still alive!† he said maliciously, â€Å"Can you tell those of us who are still awake what Byron meant when he said ‘She walks in beauty, like the night. Of Cloudless climes and starry nights...?† Oh no I had broken the spell! Now I understood what the prophet of the desk had meant. I mumbled some nonsense about an unrequited love, which seemed to satisfy my professor. He seemed to think he had reached his quota of in-class discussion with my comment, so he went on talking to himself, completely self absorbed. In my desperation to find the safety of a daydream yet again I began to scrawl in deep, dark marks on the desk, â€Å"LLH was here.†

History Of Robotics :: Essays Papers

History Of Robotics Vision: What will robots hold for us in the future? Objective: Learn about the history of robotics Goal: Inform my readers about the history of robotics Task: Researching the history of robotics and reporting on this topic. There’s no precise definition, but by general agreement, a robot is a programmable machine that imitates the actions or appearance of an intelligent creature–usually a human. To qualify as a robot, a machine has to be able to get information from its surroundings and do something physical–such as move or manipulate objects. The word robot comes from the Czech word robota, which means drudgery or slave-like labor. the word was first used to describe fabricated workers in a fictional 1920s play by Czech author Karel Capek called Rossum’s Universal Robots. During the play, a scientist invents robots to help people by performing simple, repetitive tasks. However, once the robots are used to fight wars, they turn on their human owners and take over the world. If you think robots are mainly the thing you see in space movies, think again. Right now, all over the world, robots are on the move doing various tasks. They are painting cars at Ford plants, assembling Milano cookies for Pepperidge Farms, walking into live volcanoes, driving trains in Paris , and defusing bombs in Northern Ireland . As they grow tougher, nimbler, and smarter, today’s robots are doing more and more things humans can’t do, or in many cases, wouldn't want to do anyway. Robots have been around for less than fifty years, but the idea of metal creations that do our bidding is much older. The ancient Greek poet Homer described maidens of gold, mechanical helpers built by Hephaistos, the Greek god of metal smiths. The golems of medieval Jewish legend were robot-like servants made of clay, brought to life by a spoken charm. In 1495, Leonardo da Vinci drew plans for a mechanical man. However, real robots wouldn’t become possible until the 1950s and 1960s, with the invention of transistors and integrated circuits. Compact, reliable electronics and a growing computer industry added brains to already existing machines. In 1959, researchers demonstrated the possibility of robotic manufacturing when they unveiled a computer-controlled milling machine that made ashtrays. Public fascination with robotics peaked in the early 1980s, spurred in part by movies like Star Wars, which featured robots C3-PO and R2-D2 as helpful sidekicks to human masters.

Bacteriophages Vs Antibiotics

Bacteriophages are actually viruses highly specialized to attack bacterial cells while doing no harm to animal cells. When a phage discovers a bacterium to which it possesses the correct key—that is, suitable receptors on the bacterial cell to which the phage can attach its tentacle-like extensions—then the phage will inject its hereditary DNA into the bacteria cell. Taking over the bacterial cell's biochemical apparatus, the phage produces hundreds of phage copies, rupturing the cell. As the victim cell dies, the released phage copies attack any remaining bacterial cells like a pack of hungry wolves (Reidel).Advantages The advantages of the therapy are obvious. Bacteriophages are very specific parasites and, unlike antibiotics, do not damage the useful bacteria that live in and on the body. Phages are â€Å"intelligent† medicine: They increase just where they are needed, while antibiotics often do not get to where they are needed. Once all phage-susceptible bact eria have been killed, phages are eliminated from the body. The most apparent benefit of phage therapy is that although bacteria are able to develop resistance to phages the resistance is much easier to overcome.The reason behind this is that phages replicate and undergo natural selection and have probably been infecting bacteria since the beginning of life on this planet. Although bacteria evolve at a fast rate, so too will phages. Bacteria are most likely to modify the molecule that the phage targets, which is usually a bacterial receptor. In response to this modification phages will evolve in such a way that counteracts this change, thus allowing them to continue targeting bacteria and causing cell lysis.As a consequence phage therapy is likely to be devoid of the problems similar to antibiotic resistance. Increasing evidence shows the ability of phages to travel to a required site — including the brain, where the blood brain barrier can be crossed — and multiply in the presence of an appropriate bacterial host, to combat problems such as meningitis. However the patient's immune system can, in some cases mount an immune response to the phage (2 out of 44 patients in a Polish trial (Carson)).Development and production is faster than antibiotics, on condition that the required recognition molecules are known. Disadvantages According to Reidel, the phages' high specificity, with which they look for their bacterial victims, is at the same time also their therapeutic Achilles' heel. Therefore, either a cocktail containing many different types of phages must be developed by the infection control specialist, or a phage effective against the specific pathogen of each patient must be custom-made through detailed microbiological analytical work.Western regulatory authorities tend to loathe recognizing such manually manufactured anti-infective agents as medicines, which explains why currently phage therapy is routinely only available at phage therapy cen ters in Georgia (part of former Russia), Europe and Poland. However, the Wound Care Center in Lubbock, Texas, has started to treat patients. For chronic infections due to multi-resistant pathogens, phage therapy could become a kind of miracle medicine. Wikipedia condends that Bacteriophage therapy is generally very safe; however fevers can occur with phage treatment.This is thought to be caused by endotoxins released by the bacteria within the patient after they have been lysed by the phage (Herxheimer Reaction), of course this can happen with antibiotics also. Additionally care has to be performed in manufacture that the phage medium isn't contaminated with bacterial fragments and endotoxins from the production process. It is beneficial if testing on animals is performed to ensure safety. Lysogenic bacteriophages are also thought to be risky, and are now seldom used therapeutically.These viruses can act as a way for bacteria to exchange DNA, and this can help spread antibiotic resi stance or even, theoretically, can make the bacteria pathogenic. To work, the virus has to reach the site of the bacteria, and unlike antibiotics, viruses do not necessarily reach the same places that bacteria can reach. Finally, some non therapeutic (lysogenic) phages transfer genes between bacteria that code for pathogenicity, notable in cholera. This makes it important to identify the phages being used to show that they are not harmful ones. What are ANTIBIOTICS?An antibiotic, according to Wikipedia, is a drug that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria. They have no effect against viruses or fungal infections. Antibiotics are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic drugs. They are relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. The term, coined by Selman Waksman, originally described only those formulations derived from living organisms, in contrast to â€Å"chemotherapeutic ag ents†, which are purely synthetic.Nowadays the term â€Å"antibiotic† is also applied to synthetic antimicrobials, such as the sulfa drugs. Antibiotics are generally small molecules with a molecular weight less than 2000 Da. They are not enzymes. Some antibiotics have been derived from mold, for example the penicillin class. Volume 4 of How Products Are Made says that antibiotics differ chemically so it is understandable that they also differ in the types of infections they cure and the ways in which they cure them. Certain antibiotics destroy bacteria by affecting the structure of their cells. This can occur in one of two ways.First, the antibiotic can weaken the cell walls of the infectious bacteria, which causes them to burst. Second, antibiotics can cause the contents of the bacterial cells to leak out by damaging the cell membranes. One other way in which antibiotics function is to interfere with the bacteria's metabolism. Some antibiotics such as tetracycline and erythromycin interfere with protein synthesis. Antibiotics like rifampicin inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis. Still other antibiotics, such as sulfonamide or trimethoprim have a general blocking effect on cell metabolism. AdvantagesIt is estimated that the average duration of many infectious diseases and the severity of certain others have decreased significantly since the introduction of antibiotic therapy. The dramatic drop in mortality rates for such dreaded diseases as meningitis, tuberculosis, and septicemia offers striking evidence of the effectiveness of these agents. Bacterial pneumonia, bacterial endocarditis, typhoid fever, and certain sexually transmitted diseases are also amenable to treatment with antibiotics. So are infections that often follow viral or neoplastic diseases, even though the original illness may not respond to antibiotic therapy.Antibiotics in small amounts are widely used as feed supplements to stimulate growth of livestock and poultry. They probably ac t by inhibiting organisms responsible for low-grade infections and by reducing intestinal epithelial inflammation. In cattle, sheep, and swine, antibiotics are effective against economically important diseases. The use of antibiotics in dogs and cats closely resembles their use in human medical practice. In fish farms, antibiotics are usually added to the food or applied to the fish by bathing.The incidence of infections in fish, and animals in general, may be reduced by the use of disease-resistant stock, better hygiene, and better diet. Although effective against many microorganisms causing disease in plants, antibiotics are not widely used to control crop and plant diseases. Some of the limiting factors are instability of the antibiotic under field conditions, the possibility of harmful residues, and expense. Nevertheless, antibiotic control of some crop pathogens is being practiced, as is true of the rice blast in Japan, for example (Science and Tech). DisadvantagesSome individu als may have allergic reactions to antibiotics. If symptoms of an allergic reaction (such as rash, shortness of breath, swelling of the face and neck), severe diarrhea, or abdominal cramping occur, the antibiotic should be stopped and the individual should seek medical advice. Because antibiotics can affect bacteria that are beneficial, as well as those that are harmful, women may become susceptible to infections by fungi when taking antibiotics. Vaginal itching or discharge may be symptoms of such infections. All patients may develop oral fungal infections of the mouth, indicated by white plaques in the mouth.Injected antibiotics may result in irritation, pain, tenderness, or swelling in the vein used for injection. It is a common assertion that some antibiotics can interfere with the efficiency of birth control pills. Although there remain few known cases of complication, the majority of antibiotics do not interfere with contraception, despite widespread misinformation to the cont rary (Gale). And there’s also what is known as Antibiotic Resistance. Wikipedia says that Antibiotic Resistance is the ability of a micro-organism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance.Antibiotic resistance evolves naturally via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered for the purpose of creating bio-weapons. SOS response of low-fidelity polymerases can also cause mutation via a process known as programmed evolution. Once such a gene is generated, bacteria can then transfer the genetic information in a horizontal fashion (between individuals) by plasmid exchange. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multiresistant or, informally, a superbug. Antibiotic resistance can also be introduced artificially into a micro-organism through transformation protocols.This can be a useful way of implanting artificial genes into the micro-organism. Phages Vs Antibiotics (A Summary) Bacteri ophages are great because: †¢ Bacteria evolve at a fast rate, but so do phages. This makes Bacteriophages devoid of problems similar to antibiotic resistance. †¢ Bacteriophages are very specific parasites and, unlike antibiotics, do not damage the useful bacteria that live in and on the body. Phages are â€Å"intelligent† medicine: They increase just where they are needed, while antibiotics often do not get to where they are needed.†¢ Development and production is faster than antibiotics. †¢ The recovery rate was discovered to be faster in some cases—a tribute to the speed with which the phage multiplied and overcame its host bacteria. †¢ Incidents of misuse are relatively unknown. Antibiotics are great because: †¢ The use of antibiotics on domesticated animals, closely resemble its use in human medicine thus greatly benefiting them. †¢ Phages work best when in direct contact with the infection, so they are best applied directly to an open wound.This is rarely applicable in the current clinical setting where infections occur systemically. †¢ Unlike Phages, which are hardly ever used for therapeutic reasons, antibiotics reduce the incidence of both suppurative and non-suppurative complications of sore throat. A new study from Holland has confirmed that antibiotics protect against quinsy. †¢ Lysogenic bacteriophages are thought to be risky. These viruses can act as a way for bacteria to exchange DNA, and this can help spread antibiotic resistance or even, theoretically, can make the bacteria pathogenic.To work, the virus has to reach the site of the bacteria, and unlike antibiotics, viruses do not necessarily reach the same places that bacteria can reach. †¢ Antibiotics are more readily available because phages have high specifity and require detailed microbiological analytical work. Conclusion The research is still ongoing. Though the odds are in favor of Bacteriophages becoming more common, there have been no large clinical trials to test their efficacy. This therapy today essentially exists only in some Eastern European countries, including Georgia and Poland.But largely because of the growing concern over antibiotic resistance, a lot more people in the medical field are interested in pursuing bacteriophages as an alternative to antibiotics on a large scale. W O R K S C I T E D 1. Reidel, William. â€Å"Book Review: Viruses vs. Superbugs: A Solution to the Antibiotics Crisis? † Epoch Times. (6 May, 2006). 14 April, 2007. http://en. epochtimes. com/news/6-5-6/41280. html 2. Carson, Christine, and Thomas Riley. â€Å"Non-Antibiotic Therapies for Infectious Diseases. † Communicable Diseases Intelligence Supplement on Antimicrobial Resistance 27 (2003): pages not given3. â€Å"Phage therapy. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 4 Apr 2007, 00:38 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 14 Apr 2007 . 4. â€Å"Antibiotic. † How Products Are Made. 2006. 14 April 2007 http://www. madehow. com/Volume-4/Antibiotic. html 5. Science and Technology Encyclopedia. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007 6. Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer. Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005 7. â€Å"Antibiotic Resistance. † Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2007. Answers. com 14 Apr. 2007. http://www. answers. com/topic/antibiotic-resistance

High School Student And Adulthood Essay

â€Å"The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he has tried.† Understanding Defines Change Psychologists Scott Scheer, Stephen Gavazzi, and David Blumenkrantz undertook a comprehensive review and analysis of the psychoanalytic literature that discussed the rites of passage in adolescence; from the reading, they derived two truths concerning an adolescent’s rite of passages. Primarily, as Scheer, Gavazzi, and Blumenkrantz state, â€Å"Not all transitional events necessarily indicate the occurrence of life transitions† (1); however, â€Å"It is believed that both cognitive interpretation and integration are required before the event genuinely becomes a significant transition or rite of passage† (1). Essentially, to label a singular event as one that ignited a life transition, one must understand the resulting effects of the event. Additionally, according to Scheer, Gavazzi, and Blumenkrantz, the event that marks the end of the transitional period between adolescence and adulthood defines the rite. Principally, a singular event cannot accelerate one’s progression into adulthood without one realizing the effects or changes that the event caused. In â€Å"Self-Reliance† by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emerson described the idealistic depiction of the Romantic hero’s rite of passage. Emerson states that â€Å"The power which resides in him is new in nature† (1), and he believes that a person should seek the meaning of that power for himself. Emerson’s statement that one doesn’t know the power that they have until one finds it (1) falls directly in line with Scheer, Gavazzi, and Blumenkrantz’s interpretation of one’s rite of passage. Scheer, Gavazzi, and Blumenkrantz postulate that one cannot arrive at adulthood without first understanding a transitional event. Similarly, Emerson reveals, in the quote at the top of the page, that one does not know his unique power until he has tried to find it himself. Likewise, if one didn’t find their unique power, based on the definition given by Emerson, one hasn’t successfully arrived at that â€Å"Time in a man’s education† (1), and, thus, has not successfully completed a rite of passage. Therefore, Emerson views rites of passage as events that are intrinsically bound to understanding, and without cognitive interpretation, an event cannot allow one to find one’s unique power, disqualifying it as a rite of passage. The idea that rites of passages are dependent upon cognitive understanding holds true throughout a number of literary texts. For instance, in Walden by Henry David Thoreau, Thoreau details the rite of passage of a king’s son. As Thoreau states, â€Å"One of his father’s ministers having discovered him, revealed to him that he was, and the misconception of his character was removed, and he knew himself to be a prince† (72). Like Scheer, Gavazzi, and Blumenkrantz’s postulated, the son’s discovery alone did not result in the personality transition from that of a forester’s child to a prince. Instead, the son had to realize that he was, in fact, a prince before the transition could completely take effect. Thus, for one to totally embark and complete a rite of passage or a life transition, one must understand the effects of a singular event. (487) Works Cited Emerson, Ralph Waldo. â€Å"Self Reliance.† Adventures in American Literature: Pegasus Edition. Ed. Bernard Brodsky. Orlando: Harcourt, 2004. 221. Print. Scheer, Scott, et al. â€Å"Rites of passage during adolescence.† Forum. n. page. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. . Thoreau, Henry David. Walden. New York: Penguin Classics Publishing, 2005

Introduction to Unilever Essay

Unilever is a British–Dutch multinational consumer goods company. Its products include foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. It is the world’s third-largest consumer goods company measured by 2011 revenues (after Procter & Gamble and Nestle) and the world’s largest maker of ice cream. Unilever is a dual-listed company consisting of Unilever N. V. in Rotterdam, Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, United Kingdom. Both Unilever companies have the same directors and they operate as a single business. The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N. V. and PLC is Michael Treschow while Paul Polman is Group Chief Executive. Unilever owns over 400 brands, amongst the largest selling of which are Aviance, Axe/Lynx, Ben & Jerry’s, Dove, Flora/Becel, Heartbrand, Hellmann’s, Knorr, Lipton, Lux/Radox, Omo/Surf, Rexona/Sure, Sunsilk, Toni & Guy, TRESemme, VO5 and Wish-Bone. Unilever PLC had a market capitalisation of ? 27. 3 billion as of 23 December 2011, the 18th-largest of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange. 1930 to 2001 See more: how to start a paragraph Lever House in New York City, which was the United States headquarters of Unilever from 1952 to 1997 Unilever was founded on 1 January 1930 by Antonius Johannes Jurgens, Samuel van den Bergh and William Hulme Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme. The amalgamation of the operations of British soapmaker Lever Brothers and Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie (a 1927 amalgamation of Anton Jurgens Margarinefabrieken N. V. and Samuel van den Bergh) made sound commercial sense, as palm oil was a major raw material for both margarines, and soaps, and could be imported more efficiently in larger quantities. The initial harvesting of palm oil was from British West Africa, from where news reports seen back in England showed the workers abroad in favourable conditions. In 1911 the company received a concession for 750,000 hectares of forest in Belgian Congo, mostly south of Bandundu, where a system of forced labour operated. The subsidiary of Lever Brothers was named â€Å"Huileries du Congo Belge†. During the great depression in the thirties, the Huileries sharply decreased the fee for gathered oil nuts, while the government of Belgian Congo strongly increased taxation. This resulted in social unrest in 1931, which is known as the Revolution of the Pende, in which eventually more than 400 members of the Pende tribe were killed. In the 1930s the Unilever business grew and new ventures were launched in Africa and Latin America. In 1972 Unilever purchased A&W Restaurants’ Canadian division but sold its shares through a management buyout to former A&W Food Services of Canada CEO Jefferson J. Mooney in July 1996. By 1980 soap and edible fats contributed just 40% of profits, compared with an original 90%. In 1984 the company bought the brand Brooke Bond (maker of PG Tips tea). In 1987 Unilever strengthened its position in the world skin care market by acquiring Chesebrough-Ponds (merged from Chesebrough Manufacturing and Pond’s Creams), the maker of Ragu, Pond’s, Aqua-Net, Cutex Nail Polish, and Vaseline. In 1989 Unilever bought Calvin Klein Cosmetics, Faberge, and Elizabeth Arden, but the latter was later sold (in 2000) to FFI Fragrances. In 1996 Unilever purchased Helene Curtis Industries, giving the company â€Å"a powerful new presence in the United States shampoo and deodorant market†. The purchase brought Unilever the Suave and Finesse hair-care product brands and Degree deodorant brand. In 1997 Unilever sold the speciality chemicals businesses National Starch & Chemical, Quest, Unichema and Crosfield to ICI for US$8 billion.. The US division carried the Lever Brothers name until the 1990s, when it adopted that of the parent company. The American unit has headquarters in New Jersey, and no longer maintains a presence at Lever House, the iconic skyscraper on Park Avenue in New York City. Unilever established a sustainable agriculture programme in 1998. 2001 to 2011 Global employment at Unilever 2000–2008 Black represents employment numbers in Europe, light grey represents the Americas and dark grey represents Asia, Africa, and Middle East. Between 2000 and 2008 Unilever reduced global workforce numbers by 41%, from 295,000 to 174,000. Notes: Europe figures for 2000–2003 are all Europe; from 2004 figures in black are Western Europe. For 2004–2008 figures for Asia, Africa and Middle East include Eastern and Central Europe. Source: Unilever Annual Reports 2004, 2008 In 2000 the company absorbed the American business Best Foods, strengthening its presence in North America and extending its portfolio of foods brands. In April 2000 it bought both Ben & Jerry’s and Slim Fast. In May 2007 Unilever became the first large-scale company to commit to sourcing all its tea in a sustainable manner, employing the Rainforest Alliance, an international environmental NGO, to certify its tea estates in East Africa, as well as third-party suppliers in Africa and other parts of the world. It declared its aim to have all Lipton Yellow Label and PG Tips tea bags sold in Western Europe certified by 2010, followed by all Lipton tea bags globally by 2015. Covalence, an ethical reputation ranking agency, placed Unilever at the top of its ranking based on positive versus negative news coverage for 2007. In 2007, Unilever’s Dove â€Å"Evolution† video that ran only online, was named the first ever non-TV spot to win the Grand Lion at the Cannes Advertising Festival. And in March, 2008, Unilever was named â€Å"Digital Marketer of the Year† by Advertising Age. In 2008 Unilever was honoured at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for â€Å"Outstanding Achievement in Advanced Media Technology for Creation and Distribution of Interactive Commercial Advertising Delivered Through Digital Set Top Boxes† for its program Axe: Boost Your ESP. On 25 September 2009, Unilever agreed to acquire the personal care business of Sara Lee Corporation, including brands such as Radox, Badedas and Duschdas, strengthening its category leadership in skin cleansing and deodorants. On 9 August 2010, Unilever signed an asset purchase agreement with the Norwegian dairy group TINE, to acquire the activities of Diplom-Is in Denmark. On 24 September 2010, Unilever announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell its consumer tomato products business in Brazil to Cargill. On 27 September 2010, Unilever purchased Alberto-Culver, a maker of personal care and household products including Simple[disambiguation needed], VO5, Nexxus, TRESemme, and Mrs. Dash, for $US3. 7 billion. On 28 September 2010, Unilever and EVGA announced that they had signed an agreement under which Unilever would acquire EVGA’s ice cream brands (amongst others, Scandal, Variete and Karabola) and distribution network in Greece, for an undisclosed amount. 2011 to present On 23 March 2011 it was announced that Unilever had entered into a binding agreement to sell the Sanex brand to Colgate-Palmolive for â‚ ¬672 million, and that Unilever would acquire Colgate-Palmolive’s laundry detergent brands in Colombia (Fab, Lavomatic and Vel) for US$215 million. On 24 August 2011, it was announced that Unilever had agreed to sell the Alberto VO5 brand in the United States and Puerto Rico, and the Rave brand globally, to Brynwood Partners VI L. P. On 14 October 2011, it was announced that Unilever had agreed to acquire 82% of the Russia-based beauty company Kalina. On 22 May 2012, it was announced that Unilever achieved top-ten status in the 2012 Gartner Supply Chain Top 25, resulting in the company’s best-ever performance in the index and establishing Unilever as one of the world’s top supply chains. Operations The Unilever R&D Centre in Bangalore, India Unilever is multinational with operating companies and factories on every continent (except Antarctica) and research laboratories at: Colworth and Port Sunlight in England; Vlaardingen in the Netherlands; Trumbull, Connecticut and Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in the United States; Bangalore in India (see also Hindustan Unilever Limited); and Shanghai in China. [edit] Products For a full list of Unilever brands, see List of Unilever brands. Unilever’s products include foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. The company owns more than 400 brands, although its 25 largest brands account for over 70% of total sales. [29] Unilever focuses resources on 13 â€Å"billion-Euro brands†, each of which has annual sales in excess of â‚ ¬1 billion. Unilever organises its brands into four categories: Homecare, Personal Care, Foods and Refreshment (which includes tea, ice-cream and beverages).

Hitler’s Foreign Policy

History – Hitler’s Foreign Policy The Revival of Germany January 1933 – Hitler becomes Chancellor Hitler’s Foreign Policy Aims 1. Destroy Treaty of Versailles (Versailles had limited Germany’s armed forces, taken away her colonies, forced Germany to give land to her neighbours which meant there were Germans under foreign rule) and impose German control in Europe. This involved rearmament & the destruction of French alliance system. 2. Union of German-Speaking people > Hitler was an Austrian, he longed for Union 3. Getting â€Å"living Space† from â€Å"sub-human† Slavs USSR (according to Mein Kampf Hitler’s real enemy not the West) & Poland. He argued Germans were the master race who needed living space as Germany was overcrowded and lacked food and raw materials. APPEASEMENT Appeasement was the policy followed by the British and later by the French. Aim: avoiding war with aggressive powers such as Japan, Italy and Germany giving way to their demands provided these were not to unreasonable. Reasons: Political divisions in France: hard to take a strong stand & refused to go to war without British support as the French were ultra-cautious Fear of modern war: fear of the bomber (particularly after Guernica) â€Å"The Bomber will always get through† & terror of poison gas> heavy losses Treaty of Versailles: unfair > sympathetic > revise clauses >Anglo-German friendship > Germany would have no need to be aggressive. Fear of communism: threat greater than Hitler> Germany guarantee against communist expansion Need for a strong Germany: Economic co-operation between Britain and Germany would help recover Germany’s economy > decrease of violence in Germany Public Opinion: Government was supported by pacifist opinion. British economic crisis: couldn’t afford expenses for rearmament. Britain’s military shortcomings > economic crisis, Britain had not rearmed. From 1936-39 Britain rearmed to negotiate from a position of strength U. S. isolationism > no support Examples Rearmament -1933 Anglo-German naval plan – 1935 Hoare-laval 1935 Re-occupation of the Rhineland – 1936 Anschluss – 1938 Munich conference – 1938 Czechoslovakia – 1938 Results: Did not work > encouraged Hitler Allowed him to destroy Versailles Made Germany strong Disarmament Conference 1933 The League called for a conference to persuade its members to disarm. Hitler wanted to appear morally justified before starting to rearm. Complaining Germany was the only power to have disarmed, he suggested a general formula to be reached. When the others refused he withdrew Germany from the Conference & from the League, then started building up Germany’s munitions industries. Re-armament To fulfill his aims, which he could only achieve by conquering the land he wanted, he had to re-build Germany’s armed forces by defying Versailles. This was a popular policy as itappealed to: nationalist > angry at limitations imposed by the treaty workers > full employment industrialists > big profits Gamble:Germany’s armed forces were still weak Reactions: Britain:no intervention Britain didn’t want to get involve in European affairs > internal problems Britain didn’t want to spent money on rearmament > Great Depression France: no intervention put up â€Å"Mignot Line†: a series of heavily armed forts along the border with Germany. Italy: ready to take action †¢ 1934, Austrian Nazis tried to overthrow the Austrian government by killing the chancellor. To prevent Hitler from taking control of Austria, Mussolini placed army units in the border with Austria. Non-agression Pact 1934 Germany & Poland agreed to sign a ten year non-aggression pact, which was later broken by Germany in 1939. Germany: needed to buy time to build up armed forces. She had to appear reasonable, until she could dictate from a position of strength. The pact also weakened the entete. This was simply regarded as a temporary measure. Poland:lack of confidence in France (French turned down a suggestion of a preventive war) fear of losing the Polish corridor. Austria 1934 Aim: Union of Anschluss Actions: Austrian Chancellor (Mussolini’s protege) was shot dead by Austrian Nazis who occupied the radio station > Austrian government stops coup. Reaction: Mussolini moves forces to Austrian frontier. Result: Hitler was still weak so he denied German interest in conspiracy. Soviet Union enters the League 1934 The French Foreign Secretary managed to secure the Soviet Union’s entry to the League. This was another setback for Hitler. The Saar plebiscite 1935 End of French 15 year administration of Saar (coalfields, factories, railway centre) Plebiscite held > Saarland returned to Germany (inhabitants-German) Hitler regarded this as a victory against Versailles Introduction of Conscription 1935 After 2 years of secretly re-arming Hitler announced there would be compulsory military service for all men. By 1938 Germany’s armed forces were as good as France’s. Hitler justified himself arguing he was responding to the French increase in military service and British increase in airforce. Stresa Front 1935 Great powers took no military action. At Sresa Prime ministers of France, Britain & Italy joined to confirm Locarno. The League censured German rearmament. In May France & Russia signed pact for mutual assistance. Russia & Czechoslovakia signed another pact where it was understood that Soviet aid would follow French initiative. The Stresa Front was undermined by the Anglo-German naval treaty and the Abyssinian affair. Anglo-German naval plan 1935 British aim: limit German navy, the British argued that Hitler would rearm anyway and that a limit was better than no limit at all. Agreement: German limited to 35% of the tonnage of British fleet & 100% submarines. Results: o British approval of Germany’s right to rearm (disapproval of Versailles) > France and Italy were angered o Stresa front broken Reoccupation of Rhineland 1936 While the League was busy dealing with the Ethiopian affair, German troops reoccupied Rhineland defying Locarno treaties & treaty of Versailles Hitler tried to reassure France & Belgium with offers to sign peace pacts Gamble: German army was still weak > Enemies could have easily defeated them Generals were nervous & ready to withdraw at first sign of trouble Humiliating for Hitler and generals > coup d’etat Reaction: Britain & France distracted by Ethiopia Britain: sympathetic (believed Germans were only moving back to their own back garden > appeasement, they were impressed by Hitler’s 25-year peace offer. France: Didn’t mobilise. France wasn’t willing to take action without British support. France was divided, there had been riots. The French as the British were ready to see how Hitler would behave in the future. Results: Hitler was encouraged to take further gambles > he underestimated allies Hitler was popular > almost impossible to move against him Secure strategic position in any future war against France> Germany started building â€Å"Siegfried line† Possibility to attack weak countries > Poland Austria 1938 According to Mein Kampf the absorption of Austria was the Hitler’s first territorial revision of Versailles. Hitler was an Austrian and longed for this union. Hitler expected the Austrian Nazis to undermine the state and then call in the Germans. The Democracy had already ended and a type of clergical dictatorship had been established. Shuschnigg’s attempts: To maintain Austrian independence, Schuschnigg relied on Mussolini. He had attempted to placate the Germans with a pact in 1936. Austria announced her German character. Representatives of the national opposition entered the government and Nazis were released in exchange for no more conspiracies or illegal propaganda. When Schuschnigg discovered plans for an Austrian-Nazi coup d’etat he asked Von Papen to arrange a meeting with Hitler. Hitler’s demands – The meeting In February 1938 Hitler met Schuschnigg for a discussion about the relationship between their countries. After threatening Schuschnigg for several hours Hitler handed him a list of ten demands: Austrian Nazis should be reinstalled A leading Nazi Seyss-Inquart was to be made minister of the interior – key position that gave him control over the police Close economic and military relations were to be established Schuschnigg’s attempts to maintain peace: To prevent a Nazi take-over he organised a vote on the question of union with Germany Failure on winning international sympathy Britain: refused to give any conforting advice France : did not call up any reserves > lack of British support Italy: Mussolini was aware of where power laid, when he learned that Tyrolese would continue under Italian rule he decided not to intervene. He was not interested in Austria, Hitler promised to help Mussolini in any circumstances. Hitler’s reaction: He demanded the vote to be postponed & Schuschnigg to resign or the German army was to invade Austria. Schuschnigg resigned along with all government ministers except Seyss Seyss-Inquart became chancellor & invited the German army to occupy Austria Austrian Nazi opponents were arrested and the jews were deprived of civil rights A plebiscite was held & there was an official â€Å"yes† vote in facour of the Anschluss. Results: 1. Hitler took first step to create a big Germany 2. Germany was strengthened by the incorporation of Austria. Population: 7 million. Resources: iron, steel, magnetite. 3. Strategic benefits: Czechoslovakia >weaker, surrounded by German territory. Open door into the Balkans 4. Hitler’s Popularity increased. Opposition became more difficult 5. Relationships with Italy improved > Mussolini sided Germany 6. Jews were deprived of civil rights 7. France & Britain: delivered protest to German government > no arm Czechoslovakia 1938 Minorities in Czechoslovakia due to: Populations throughout Europe were mixed Sutelenland > montanious district which provided a strong frontier against Germany. Czech Crisis The 1930’s depression & rise to power of Nazis encouraged a German people’s army led by Henlein to demand for the Sudetenland to be transferred to Germany The Czechs mobilised part of their forces and the Russians told the French they would respect their 1935 agreement to protect Czechoslovakia. Hitler and the sudetenland Hitler instructed his generals to prepare for an invasion by 1st October Risks: Czechoslovakia was well-equipped for a war (large army,large air forceand industry. 2 Powerful allies: o France:unwilling to fight germany,the army wasn’t ready o USSR:great political problems + war with Japan Britain & France: asked Hitler to be reasonable, however encouraged president Benes to accept Henlein’s 8 points. He accepted. Chamberlain’s Aeroplane Diplomacy Chamberlain followed the policy of Appeasement when the Czech crisis began. When the Czech crisis deepened, Chamberlain was encouraged to fly to Germany and speak with Hitler personally. Berchtesgarten At Berchtesgarten when Hitler demanded the cession of the Sudetenland Chamberlain agreed to hand over areas of the Sudetenland with over 50% of German population. Then Chamberlain persuaded the Czechs and the French to agree. Godesburg Chamberlain flew to Germany and found Hitler wanted all of the Sudetenland and the Czechs to give land to Poland and Hungary. The British cabinet: refused to accept France called up reserves Czechoslovakia: had already ordered mobilisation Countries prepared for war The Munich Conference 1938 Reasons: Chamberlain didn’t like the prospect of war > unlikely to win support of empire + commonwealth He thought it was better to fight for a clearer cause and not a country which was so far away that most British had not hear of Britain’s air defences were still weak > Germany was producing a new aircraft Me-109 Britain needed time to prepare: time for factories to produce aircrafts in big numbers, develop radars, spitfires Britain was not likely to win Agreement: Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain and Daladier met at Munich. Neither the Czechs nor the Soviets. They all agreed that the Czechs had to give the Sudetenland to Germany or they would have to fight Germany alone. Czechoslovakia accepted Results: Germany strengthen by surrender of mountain fortifications Czechs lost mountain fortifications > easier to attack > balance of power>Germany o Millions of Czechs o Industry > armaments o Raw materials Poland seized the Teschen district > coalmines & Hungary took land: they were encouraged to side Hitler Chamberlain > hero (short term) Soviet Union worried the west would do nothing to stop Hitler>they feared they would have to face the Germans alone Hitler’s ambitions increased>believed Britain and France wouldn’t stand up to him. Czechoslovakia Destroyed 1939 Hitler claimed the Czech government had lost control and that a civil war would break if Germany didn’t intervene Hitler bullied Hacha into inviting German troops to occupy the country > threat to bomb Prague After Hacha issued the invitation he used this as an excuse to justify his actions March 1939 – German troops marched into Prague Bohemia and Moravia > Protectorate of germany o Slovakia:remained independent > became a puppet state o Ruthenia > Hungary †¢ Britain & France protested but took no action as Germany had â€Å"technically† been invited into Czechoslovakia. The polish Guarantee Agreement : Britain gave Poland a guarantee to protect it from Germany. France later supported it. Reasons: The Polish corridor > Germany wanted it back (German inhabitants). Chamberlain realized Hitler couldn’t be stopped by appeasement > stronger measures were take to stop Hitler. Problem: Britain and France were geographically unable to defend Poland and succeed. Hitler’s reaction: ignore it > issued an order to invade Poland Germany and Italy 1934: enemies > Mussolini stopped Hitler from taking Austria 1935:Italy was angry with Britain and France > Ethiopia 1936: Rome Berlin axis > cooperate against communism o Fascists dictators Anti-comintern pact (Italy, Germany and Japan) >work against international communism 1938: Mussolini allowed Germany to take over Austria 939:italy invaded Albania to match the occupation of Prague The Pact of Steel 1939 Agreement:They would support each other in a war Mussolini’s request: materials Italy needed to help Germany > Italy was not prepared for a war Germany and the USSR Hitler:hated communism > wanted to take â€Å"lebesraum† from USSR. Hitler regarded the Soviets were his main enemies as stated in Mein Kampf Soviet Union: most hated the Nazis The Nazi-Soviet pact 1939 (Ribbentrop-Molotov) Agreement: -If Germany attacked Poland the USSR was to remain neutral Agreement: -Germany could occupy the western parts including Danzig and the Polish corridor – USSR entitled to occupy western parts: Baltic provinces Result: Germany was free to attack Poland > USSR only great power capable of defending Poland. USSR Reasons: 1. failure to reach an agreement with the west: †¢ Soviet Union was still backwards and needed time to develop. †¢ Anglo-French weakness > Stalin feared he would have to fight Germany alone. 2. British reluctance to ally: Churchill urged an alliance > only way to stop Hitler †¢ British Government was frightened if not more of Stalin than Hitler †¢ Conservatives hated communism > Nazis guard against spread of communism in Europe †¢ Soviet strength was underestimated > British believed purges had weakened the armed forces, officers had been killed †¢ Chamberlain’s reluctance > probably as the opposition wanted an allian ce †¢ British responses were slow and made by low-ranking officials in contrasts with Stalin’s quick responses to Birtish initiative, he took negotiations seriously. Eden’s offer to go on special mission > rejected 3. Fear of Japan: †¢ Clashes between soviets and Japanese increased > Japan was a threat to soviets who didn’t like the prospect of a was with 2 fronts. Stalin needed security in Europe 4. Attractiveness of German offer: †¢ Territory in eastern Poland (contained ethnic Russians, seized by Poland after the Russo-Polish war) > Buffer zone against Poland 5. Desire of a breathing space: †¢ Buy time to prepare defenes †¢ Get armed forces ready †¢ Industralize Russia †¢ Prepare for war Get effects of modernization through German reasons: 1. Prevent a war with 2 fronts 2. Desire to invade Poland Results: Germany was free to attack Poland: USSR only country geographically capable of defending Poland Events: -September 1:inva sion of Poland September 3:outbreak of war -Britain and France realised the necessity to stop Hitler > prevent expansion of Germany -The Czech guarantee was not honoured > couldn’t afford the same with Poland >affect international credibility -Corridor concession had been encouraged Support of British and commonwealth -British Factories were readu to build modern fighter planes Reasons for World War II Hiters ambitions(foreign policy): o Determined to acquire Sudetenland o Germany invaded Poland U. S isolationism: o U. S did not get involve in European affairs Appeasement: o Allowed Hitler to destroy Versailles o Encouraged him to believe countries would not stand up to him o A stronger Policy could have destroyed Hitler (e. g. Rhineland) Nazi-Soviet Pact o Freed Hitler from a two front war o Allowed Hitler to attack Poland