Villette Charlotte Brontë;s Lesser-Known Masterpiece

Charlotte Brontà «s 1852 novel Villette  tells the story of Lucy Snowe as she travels from England to France to work at a school for girls. The psychologically penetrating  novel is less well-known than  Jane Eyre, but is frequently considered Charlotte Brontà «s best work.   Summary of Plot Villette follows the story of Lucy Snowe, a young English girl with a tragic past. At the start of the story, Lucy is just fourteen years old and lives in the English countryside with her godmother. Lucy eventually leaves England for Villette and finds work at a boarding school for girls. She falls in love with Dr. John, a young and handsome English doctor who does not return her affections. Lucy is very hurt by this, but deeply values his friendship. Dr. John eventually marries an acquaintance of Lucys. Lucy meets another man at the school named Monsieur Paul Emanuel. M. Paul is a very good teacher, but he is somewhat controlling and critical when it comes to Lucy. However, he does begin to show her kindness and expresses interest in both her mind and her heart. M. Paul arranges for Lucy to become the headmistress of her own school before setting sail to Guadalupe to do missionary work. The two agree to marry upon his return, but it is implied that he dies on the ship ride home before the nuptials can occur. Major Characters Lucy Snowe: The protagonist and narrator of Villette. Lucy is a plain,  hardworking Protestant English girl. She is quiet, reserved and somewhat lonely, yet she longs for independence and a passionate love affair. Mrs. Bretton: Lucys godmother. Mrs. Bretton is a widow who is in good health and good spirits. She dotes on her only son, John Graham Bretton. Lucy stays in Mrs. Brettons home at the start of the story before seeking work in another home. John Graham Bretton: A young physician and the son of Lucys godmother. Also known as Dr. John, John Graham Bretton is a kindhearted man who lives in Villette. Lucy knew him in her youth and then falls in love with him  ten years later when their paths cross once again. Dr. John instead gives his affections first to Ginevra Fanshawe and later to Polly Home, the latter of whom he eventually marries. Madame Beck: The mistress of a boarding school for girls. Madame Beck hires Lucy to teach English at the boarding school. She is rather intrusive. She snoops through Lucys possessions and interferes in Lucys romance with Monsieur Paul Emanuel. Monsieur Paul Emanuel: Madame Becks cousin and Lucys love interest. Monsieur Paul Emanuel teaches at the school where Lucy works. He falls in love with Lucy, and she eventually returns his affections. Ginevra Fanshawe: A student at Madame Becks boarding school. Ginevra Fanshawe is a pretty but shallow girl. She is frequently cruel to Lucy and attracts the attention of Dr. John, who eventually realizes that she may not be worthy of his affections. Polly Home: Lucys friend and Ginevra Fanshawes cousin. Also known as Countess Paulina Mary de Bassompierre, Polly is a smart and beautiful girl who falls in love with and later marries John Graham Bretton. Major Themes Unrequited Love: Lucy, the protagonist, loves and loses more than once during this story. She falls for the handsome Dr. John, who does not love her back. She later falls for Monsieur Paul Emanuel. Although he returns her love, the other characters conspire to keep them apart. At the end of the story, it is implied that Monsieur Paul dies and does not return to her. Independence: The theme of independence is present throughout the story. Lucy is quite passive in the beginning of the novel, but grows into a very independent woman, particularly for the era in which the story is set. She seeks a job and travels  to Villette, despite the fact that she knows very little French. Lucy longs for independence, and when the man she loves leaves to do missionary work in Guadalupe, she lives independently and serves in the role of headmistress of her own day school. Resilience: Near the beginning of the novel, Lucy experiences a devastating family tragedy. Although the details of this tragedy are not specifically outlined for the reader, we do know that Lucy is left without a family, home or money. But Lucy is resilient. She gets a job and finds ways to care for herself. Lucy is somewhat isolated, but she is resilient enough to overcome her tragedy, find satisfaction in her work, and build relationships with other people. Literary Style Villette is a Victorian novel, which means it was published during the Victorian era (1837-1901). The three Brontà «Ã‚  sisters, Charlotte, Emily and Anne each published works during this time. Villette uses the biographical structure commonly seen in traditional Victorian literature, but deviates somewhat due to its autobiographical nature. Many of the events that happen to the protagonist of the story mirror the events in the authors life. Like Lucy, Charlotte Brontà «Ã‚  experienced family tragedy when her mother died. Brontà «Ã‚  also left home in pursuit of a teaching job, suffered from loneliness and experienced unrequited love with Constantin Heger, a married schoolmaster she met in Brussels at the age of 26. Historical Context The ending of Villette is intentionally ambiguous; the reader is left to determine  whether or not  Monsieur  Paul Emanuel makes it back to shore and returns to Lucy. However, in the original ending written by Brontà «, it is made clear to the reader that Monsieur Paul Emanuel perishes in a shipwreck. Brontà «s father did not like the idea of the book ending on such a sad note, so Brontà « altered the final pages to make the events more uncertain. Key Quotes Villette has earned its reputation as one of Charlotte Brontà «s best works because of its beautiful writing. Many of the most familiar quotes from the novel showcase Brontà «s unique and poetic style. â€Å"I believe in some blending of hope and sunshine sweetening the worst lots. I believe that this life is not all; neither the beginning nor the end. I believe while I tremble; I trust while I weep.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Peril, loneliness, an uncertain future, are not oppressive evils, so long as the frame is healthy and the faculties are employed; so long, especially, as Liberty lends us her wings, and Hope guides us by her star.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The negation of severe suffering was the nearest approach to happiness I expected to know. Besides, I seemed to hold two lives - the life of thought, and that of reality.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Tempered by late incidents, my nerves disdained hysteria. Warm from illuminations, and music, and thronging thousands, thoroughly lashed up by a new scourge, I defied spectra.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Trouble no quiet, kind heart; leave sunny imaginations hope. Let it be theirs to conceive the delight of joy born again fresh out of great terror, the rapture of rescue from peri l, the wondrous reprieve from dread, the fruition of return. Let them picture union and a happy succeeding life.† Villette Fast Facts Title: VilletteAuthor: Charlotte Brontà «Publisher:  Smith, Elder Co.Year Published: 1853Genre: Victorian fictionType of Work: NovelOriginal language: EnglishThemes: Unrequited love, independence, and resilienceCharacters: Lucy Snowe, Mrs. Bretton, Ginevra Fanshawe, Polly Home, John Graham Bretton, Monsieur Paul Emanuel, Madame BeckNotable adaptations: Villette was adapted into a television miniseries in 1970 and into a radio serial in 1999 and 2009.

Critical Examination of Malthusian Theory of Population Essay

Thomas Robert Malthus, very popularly known as Malthus, was a professor of History and Political Economy at Haileybury College of the East Indian Company. He was a philosopher of 19th century. He lived his life from 1766 to 1834 AD. After writing an essay on the Principle of Population in 1805 AD, he became popular in the history of population studies. In his essay which later on became a very famous theory by the name Malthusian Theory. In the theory, he has drawn some assumptions such as: ol li value=1 Human beings have great potentialities to produce children li value=2 In agriculture Law of Diminishing Returns operates li value=3 Human beings will need food to eat li value=4 Passion between sexes is†¦show more content†¦That is how the nature will bring balance in population and in the means of subsistence and will enter into the cycle which again continues to population growth and food growth in different ratios and the so on. Of course he was the first philosopher who applied the inductive method very thoroughly and systematically to social science, but all is assumptions could be true and might work at the ancient period and in a particular society where his study was based on. Now at the present, it is not applicable at all. So many things which have great belongings with human beings, and developments in sciences and technologies and even in cultures that bring a lot of changes in several aspects of life and living are ignored in the theory. In his theory, he claims that the human beings are interested in increasing family size, which might be applicable in an ancient period when the people were illiterate, depend on agriculture, and so on. But in the present context, it is not applicable anywhere because now the people are educated. People know the demerits of large family size. People are not found interested in increasing the size of family because there is no rational of increasing family size. 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NPV method Free Essays

This report focuses on three Important areas of financial management namely Capital structure, Management of Working Capital and Investment appraisal. While the flirt two parts of the report analysis Apple’s activities, the last part of the report is related to the given scenario. The first part of the report evaluates Apple’s capital structure. We will write a custom essay sample on NPV method or any similar topic only for you Order Now After determining the company’s capital structure, the report will evaluate different financing options for the company’s capital investments. The analysis involves the cost of debt and equity. The aim Is to justify the financing decision for a Eng term. The second part of the report evaluates the performance of Apple’s working capital management practices. This part relies on the ratio analysis. Current Ratio, Debtors, Creditors and Inventory days will be calculated over a three years period. The data is gathered from the Yahoo Finance. In order to make the analysis more meaningful there will be a benchmarking with a main competitor. The last part of the report conducts NAP analysis to find out the best investment option for the given scenario. The project with the highest NAP is likely to be most beneficial for the company. Subsequently conclusions will be drawn. Reason for Choosing Apple for this study I have a personal interest in this company as it is seen the most successful company in the world at the moment. I will be able to learn from the best practice. Capital Structure and Financing Decision A firm’s optimal capital structure is the mix of debt and equity that minimizes the weight cost of capital of the firm. When the cost of capital is minimized, the total value of firm’s shares are maximized. As a result the minimum cost capital structure is called as the optimum capital structure. (Moyer et al. 012) According to Moles et al. (201 1) managers decide on the optimum capital structure based on the trade-offs between the benefits and costs of debt. The fact that there are a number of different benefits and costs associated with the use of debt flagging suggests that managers will balance these different options. Moles et al. (2012) explains that debt can be cheaper as debt is less risky than the equity. In addition, there is a tax advantage with debt financing as interest expenses are generally tax deductible. Another world, the company pays less tax if they use debt financing. However, a company can go into liquation If It cannot payback Its debts of Interest obligations. According to Apple’s financial statements on Yahoo Finance (2012) over the last three years period (2009, 2010 and 2011 ) the company did not have any long term debt as well as short term debt. While the company’s retained earnings increased from $23. 4 billion in 2009 to $37 billion in 2010 and this figure reached to $63 billion in 2011, the company financed its projects through retained profits. The company was able to do this because It had large profits. Apple’s net profits were $8. Lion, $14 billion and $25. 9 billion In 2009, 2010 and 201 1 respectively. According to the Apple’s Annual and $1. 3 billion in 2011, 2010 and 2009 respectively. Currently the company is using equity option to finance its capital expenditure. According to BBC (2012) this year the company announced $2. 65 per share quarterly dividends. This is the first dividend payment since 199 5. As the company does not pay regular dividends, it is not meaningful to calculate the company’s cost of equity using the divided valuation model. However, the market prices of Apple shares increased almost 22% in 2011. Therefore, it can be said that Apple’s cost of equity is quite high. In conclusion, currently Apple finances its capital projects through equity financing. With a possible debt financing the company is likely to reduce its cost of capital. This could be a good idea if the company’s profit figures start to decline. According to the financial statements of the company Apple did not have any short term or long term loans between 2009 and 2011. Analysis of working capital management Working capital management concerns with organizing a company’s short term sources to sustain ongoing activities mobiles funds and optimism liquidity. It further dropped to 1. 61 in 2011. The company’s figures can be compared with the Blackberry manufacturer RIM. RIM’s current ratios are higher than Apple’s in 2010 and 2011. RIM 2011 2010 2009 current Ratio 2. 08 2. 06 2. 39 The main reason for the decline in Apple’s current ratio is decline in debtor and from 2010 to 2011. In the same period, the inventor days decline from 9. 3 days to 4. 4 days. This indicates that the efficiency of the company’s working capital management as they were able to receive the money from debtors faster and to keep fewer inventories. The company also was able to keep creditors days high with 135. 5 days. Consequently the company’s current ratio declined dramatically in recent years. However, this decline should be seen as a positive development as the company has been leaner in recent years. Therefore, the figures above indicate the company’s working management practices are successful. Investment Appraisal with NAP method Net present value (NAP) of a project is the sum of the present values of all its cash flows, both outflows and inflows. The rate used to discount the cash flows must be consistent with the project’s risk. Another word, if the project risky then higher discount rates should be used when appraising the investment options. The same company might use different discount rates for its difference projects depending on a rockiness of the project. (Graham and Smart, 2011) According to Graham and Smart (2011) the companies can invest in any projects if the NAP figure is positive as any positive figure will increase the value of the company. The table below demonstrates the NAP calculations for an investment option. Delta Printing is considering buying machinery and there are three different purchase options. The machines can be used for a six-year period. After six year Machine A and B can be sold with a scraped value. Initial cost of each options are as follows; El m for Machine A, CHEEK for machine B and CHEEK for Machine C. According to the initial cost figures the Project C is the best option as it requires less investment. However, there will be no scrapped value for Machine C. With the original figures, it is difficult to make a decision. In this case, NAP method can simplify the investment decisions. The cash inflows are discounted with the company’s cost of capital of 15%. How to cite NPV method, Papers

Communication Skills Training For Oncology -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Communication Skills Training For Oncology? Answer: Introduction Social work consists of many processes, which pay attention to the relationship among individuals and the improvement in the quality of life of people. Individuals have various social roles and how effectively they perform those determine the social relationships. Social work intervenes in this junction of performing the duties and improving lives of people. Helping process is one of the many functioning of the social works. Social functioning comprises of the activities, which are necessary to satisfy the relationships in the experiences of the social living (Fox, 2013). The basic functions of the helping process are restoration of social functioning, provision of resources for development and prevention of social dysfunction. In simple words, helping process in social work is the set of activities to assist the people to identify and cope up with their problems through relationship building, assessment of the problem, setting of the goals, interventions and termination (Miller Rol lnick, 2012). The stages of helping processes will be discussed in the following essay. Discussion Helping process is sometimes defined as the counseling process. Communication skills are extremely important for effective helping process. There are five stages of helping process, namely, Rapport and relationship building, Assessment or problem defining, goal setting, initiating the interventions, and termination of the problem. In each of the stages, Communication plays an important role, as relationships are always determined through effective communication (Egan, 2013). Relationship building Relationships are always based on trust. Thus, laying the foundations for trust by designing a structure and form, voluntary or involuntary, and the roles of articulating is the primary factor for building relationships. Firstly, rapport needs to be developed between the counselor and the client, through introduction, clear description of individuals roles, purpose and active listening to the client. Thus, through effective communication, a relationship is built. Empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence are essential in this stage (Shulman, 2012). In this stage, drilling down to the problem is important. The counselor must ask simple and detailed questions to the client to know the exact problem and its source. There should be some basic questions and detailed inquiry on life functions and stress factors. After that, the focus should be on getting more detailed information about the problems through trust (Crowe et al., 2012). Goal Setting In a helping process, once the problems are identified, goals should be specific and clear. Its the duty of the counselor to talk to the client tactfully and find out his or her objective or goal (Brandler Roman, 2015). It has to be mutually agreed upon. In this process, the trust and relationship between the counselor and the client becomes more strong and the client confides into the counselor about his or her perspectives. Thus, effective communication by the counselor is very important not only for conversing with the client, but also to find out the goals for the process (Shulman, 2012). Initiating Intervention Interventions are the perspectives to find out new ways to approach the issue. How to accomplish the goals and solve the problem is addressed through intervention. Communication again plays a crucial role to define the achievable goals and motivate the client to follow the process. The intervention plans are usually positive and action oriented, and can be adapted with time. Termination This is the last stage in the helping process. In this stage, the dependency of the client on the counselor is tactfully reduced, the client is made prepared for the ending of the sessions, and plans are made for possible needs in the future. Termination is also considered earlier if the counselor feels that the process is not helpful for the client. This is done through a systematic process, so that the client can mentally prepare himself or herself. For example, the counselor sets an advance date for the last session, then gradually reviews the progress and makes future plans accordingly. This process empowers the client to think independently (Arnold Boggs, 2015). Thus, it can be said that, communication is extremely powerful tool in helping process. It is a sensitive issue for all the clients and only through supportive attitude, active and attentive listening and comforting words, the helping process can be successful. Barriers to communication Communication is a process of transferring of information through speaking, listening, writing, reading and observing. Thus, during the helping process, communication takes many forms, such as, speaking, listening, observing etc. (Austin Pinkleton, 2015). There can be many barriers to effective communication in the helping process. Those are as follows: Emotional barriers or taboos: Sometimes people feel shy to express their emotions. Again sometimes, due to social taboos, they do not open up. Cultural and language differences: Social norms often determine the way of expression and these vary across different cultures. For example, the definition of personal space varies among different cultures. Along with that, language difference also impede communication. Sometimes, unfamiliar accents create barriers in understanding. Use of jargons: Sometimes the counselor use jargons, which becomes difficult to understand for the client. Prejudices and expectations: Due to cultural differences, people often have preconceived notions and prejudices. They do not make the effort to think beyond that. Hence, they keep the same expectation from the counselor. However, these prejudices seldom meet the expectation and people cannot accept the helping (Kissane et al., 2012). Non-verbal communication and physical barriers: If the counselor cannot understand the body language, facial expressions, gestures, postures and other non-verbal cues, then the communication becomes less effective. Lack of attention: If any one of the counselor or client is not attentive to the sessions, and gets distracted easily, then the helping process would not be effective. Apart from all these, the differences in the view points and perception, physical disabilities, such as speech problems or hearing problems, lack of flexible attitude of the client also create barriers to communication in the helping process (Berge, 2013). Recommendation for overcoming the barriers in communication In the helping process, the barriers to communication, especially interpersonal barriers, are a common issue. It is a challenge for the counselor to build a trusting relationship with the client and find out the precise problems and solve them. Hence, effective communication is extremely important. As there are barriers to communication, there are also ways to overcome those challenges. Those are as follows: Use of simple language: The counselor must not use jargons and use simple language while communicating to make the client comfortable. The client can understand the process if it is communicated in a simple language with easy accent. Even if the perceptions are different, still it has to be conveyed through easy understandable language (Gratis, 2017). Active listening: The counselor must have high level of patience and the practice of active listening. He must listen to everything attentively that the client has to say. Similarly, the client must also listen to what the counselor is instructing respond accordingly. Clarity in the thoughts: It is very important to know about the topic or subject to be discussed with the client and clear thoughts about that. The Counselor must be very clear about the objectives of the helping process and must design his way of dealing accordingly. After the client expresses his thoughts, the counselor must be able to understand that and find out a solution to help the client (Egan, 2013). Staying calm and patient: Both the parties involved in the helping process must be very patient and must control own emotions and frustrations while communicating through the process. If the conversation needs more time, it should be given and must not be hurried. Avoid too much information in one session: People would feel overloaded if they are asked to process too much information in one session. Hence, the counselor must understand the receiving capacity of each client and plan accordingly as per the needs. Providing feedback: Feedbacks should always be given by both the parties to make the process effective. It helps in personal development as well as contributes in effectiveness of the session. Understanding the body language: Counselors must be able to read the gestures, expressions, general body language and non-verbal cues of the client during the helping process. It helps to get many aspects of the clients nature, which he is not being able to say verbally (Ray, 2014). Conclusion Helping process is an integral part of the social work. Many people need help in many ways and counseling is one of the ways to help them. Through counseling people can overcome many challenges and can live a better life. Helping process is heavily dependent on effective communication. In all the five stages of helping process, communication plays the major role, which lays the foundation of trust and relationship. Although there are many barriers to communication in the helping process, there are ways to overcome them also. Both the counselor and the client must put effort for easy communication, understanding, keeping patience and cooperating with each other for making the process successful. With effective communication, helping process can yield the best results. References Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal Relationships-E-Book: Professional Communication Skills for Nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Austin, E. W., Pinkleton, B. E. (2015).Strategic public relations management: Planning and managing effective communication campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Berge, Z. L. (2013). Barriers to Communication in Distance Education.Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education,14(1), 374-388. Brandler, S., Roman, C. P. (2015).Group work: Skills and strategies for effective interventions. Routledge. Crowe, M., Whitehead, L., Carlyle, D., McIntosh, V., Jordan, J., Joyce, P., Carter, J. (2012). The process of change in psychotherapy for depression: helping clients to reformulate the problem.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,19(8), 681-689. Ray, D. (2014). Overcoming cross-cultural barriers to knowledge management using social media.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,27(1), 45-55. Egan, G. (2013).The skilled helper: A problem-management and opportunity-development approach to helping. Cengage Learning. Fox, R. (2013).Elements of the helping process: A guide for clinicians. Routledge. Gratis, B. (2017).Overcoming Interpersonal Barriers to Communication.Nulab. Retrieved 9 October 2017, from https://nulab-inc.com/blog/typetalk/overcoming-interpersonal-barriers-communication/ Kissane, D. W., Bylund, C. L., Banerjee, S. C., Bialer, P. A., Levin, T. T., Maloney, E. K., D'Agostino, T. A. (2012). Communication skills training for oncology professionals.Journal of Clinical Oncology,30(11), 1242-1247. Miller, W. R., Rollnick, S. (2012).Motivational interviewing: Helping people change. Guilford press. Shulman, L. (2012).Brooks/Cole empowerment series: The skills of helping individuals, families, groups, and communities. Cengage Learning.